Introduction: land and property problems in peacebuilding

This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge in Confronting land and property problems for peace on 27 May, 2014, available online: http://www.routledge.com/978041585585

The evolution of land policy in African state building

This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by Routledge in State Building and Development on 23 January, 2014, available online: http://www.routledge.com/978041570975

Conflict and land tenure in Rwanda

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the historical relation between conflict and land tenure in Rwanda, a country that experienced a harsh civil war and genocide in the mid-1990s. The victory of the Tutsi-led rebel, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) at that time triggered a massive return of refugees and a drastic change in land tenure policy. These were refugees who had fled the country at around the time of independence, in 1962, due to the political turmoil and persecution (the "social revolution") and who shared the background of the core RPF members. The social revolution had dismantled the existent Tutsi-led political order, compelling many Tutsi families to seek refuge outside their homeland. Under the post-independence rule of a Hutu-led government, the Tutsi refugees were not allowed to return and the lands they left behind were often arbitrarily distributed by local authorities among Hutu peasants. After victory in the mid-1990s civil war, the newly established RPF-led government ordered the current inhabitants of the lands to divide the properties in order to allocate portions to the Tutsi returnees. Different patterns of land holding and land division will be explained in the paper from data gathered through the authors\u27 fieldworks in the southern and eastern parts of Rwanda. Although overt resistance to land division has not been observed to date, the land rights of the Tutsi returnees must be considered unstable because their legitimacy depends primarily on the strength and political stability of the RPF-led government. If the authority of RPF were to weaken, the land rights will be jeopardized. Throughout Rwandan history, in which political exclusion has often led to serious conflict, macro-level politics have repeatedly influenced land holding. Promotion of an inclusive democracy, therefore, is indispensable to escape the vicious circle between political instability and land rights

Electrophysiological study of glottal closure reflex in patients with phonation disturbances

Glottal closure reflex was induced by electrically stimulating the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve in normal subjects and patients with disturbances of phonation. In the present study, characteristics of glottal closure reflex were analyzed and electrophysiological difference between the normal subjects and the patients was examined. The patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia, essential voice tremor or in the recovery process from idiopathic recurrent nerve paralysis were included. The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve on one side was stimulated electrically and the muscular responses from the bilateral thyroarytenoid muscles were recorded. To examine habituation, the recovery curves, R 1 and R 2, were prepared by giving two stimuli successively. The internal between two stimuli was varied from 100 to 5000 msec. Stimulation of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve induced R 1 on the stimulated side and R 2 on both sides. These response patterns were analogous to those of the blink reflex. However. their latencies were fairly long. The latency of R 1 on the stimulated side was about 16 msec and the latency of R 2 on the stimulated side and opposite side were 55 to 70 msec respectively. It was assumed that both the R 1 and R 2 were polysynaptic reflex, and seemed to go through complicated course. In the normal subjects, R 2 response was inhibited at stimulation intervals below 1000 msec indicating habituation. In the patients in the recovery process from idiopathic recurrent nerve paralysis, the pattern of habituation resembled to that in the normal subjects. However, in the patients with adductor spasmodic disphonia and essential voice tremor, R 2 was not inhibited. These results suggested that adductor spasmodic disphonia might be an abnormality of the inhibitory system in the central nervous system and one of the symptoms shown by essential voice tremor. It was concluded that the glottal closure reflex induced by stimulation of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve would be applicable to clinical practice as a useful test to find abnormality in the central regulatory system of the larynx

ケースメソッド教育の思想と機構に関する研究 : その組織的実践の起源・伝承・変容

内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(教育学)Doctor of Philosophy in Educationdoctora

Additional Gastrectomy after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer Patients with Comorbidities

Purpose. We investigated the clinicopathologic features of early gastric cancer (EGC) patients who have undergone additional gastrectomy after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) because of their comorbidities. Methods. Eighteen (7.1%) of 252 GC patients were gastrectomized after prior ESD. Reasons for further surgery, preoperative and postoperative problems, and the clinical outcome were determined. Results. The 18 patients had submucosal EGC and several co-morbidities. Other primary cancers were observed in 8 (44.4%). Histories of major abdominal operations were observed in 6 (33.3%). Fourteen patients (77.8%) hoped for endoscopic treatment. Due to additional gastrectomy, residual cancer was suspected in 10, and node metastasis was suspected in 11. A cancer remnant was histologically observed in one. Node metastasis was detected in 3 (16.7%). Small EGC was newly detected in 4. Consequently, additional gastrectomy was necessary for the one third. No patient showed GC recurrence. However, 9 (50%) had new diseases, and 4 (22.2%) died of other diseases. The overall survival after surgery in these patients with additional gastrectomy was poorer than those with routine gastrectomy for submucosal EGC (P = 0.0087). Conclusions. Additional gastrectomy was safely performed in EGC patients with co-morbidities. However, some issues, including presence of node metastasis and other death after surgery, remain