Experimental Studies on Pathogenesis of Angionecrosis Produced by Administration of Renal Extracts

Necrotic change of the arterioles which is a hypertensive vascular change has been considered quite important as the cause of cerebral hemorrhage. However, the course of development and pathogenesis have not been clarified adequately. In this paper, the author attempted experimentally to prove that angionecrosis is caused essentially by the necrotizing factor which is present in the hypertensive injured kidney

Morphology of the gastric mill teeth in dotillid crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Dotillidae) from Indonesia

The gastric mill is a prominent structure in the digestive system of brachyuran crabs, consisting of a median tooth plate and a pair of lateral tooth plates. Among crab species that are deposit feeders, the morphology and size of the gastric mill teeth are correlated with the preferred substrate types and food spectrum. In this study, we provide a detailed description of the morphology of the median and lateral teeth of the gastric mills in eight species of dotillid crabs from Indonesia, and compare them in relation to habitat preferences and molecular phylogeny. Ilyoplax delsmani, Ilyoplax orientalis, and Ilyoplax strigicarpus have comparatively simple shapes of their median and lateral teeth, with fewer teeth on each lateral tooth plate compared to Dotilla myctiroides, Dotilla wichmanni, Scopimera gordonae, Scopimera intermedia, and Tmethypocoelis aff. ceratophora, which have more complexly shaped median and lateral teeth, with a greater number of teeth on each lateral tooth plate. The number of teeth on lateral tooth correlates with habitat preference, that is, dotillid crabs inhabiting muddy substrata have fewer teeth on the lateral tooth plate, and those inhabiting sandy substrata have a more teeth. Phylogenetic analysis using partial COI and 16S rRNA genes supports that teeth morphology is similar among closely related species. Therefore, the description of median and lateral teeth of the gastric mill is expected to contribute to the systematic study of dotillid crabs

Bone marrow and spleen cell colony formation in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum.

Progenitor cells in the bone marrow and the spleen of mice, whether infected with Schistosoma japonicum or not, formed cell clusters and colonies when incubated with culture supernatant fluid of spleen cells incubated with soluble egg antigen (SEA). The egg extract, up to a concentration of 250 micrograms/ml protein, did not directly stimulate progenitor cell proliferation in the bone marrow. Eosinophilia in mice infected with S. japonicum may be mediated indirectly by egg antigen-stimulated immune lymphocytes and not directly by the egg antigen.</p

The intertidal macrobenthic fauna of the Hatakejima Experimental Field, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, in 2019

ファイル差し替え（2021-05-17）Hatakejima Experimental Field is located in Tanabe Bay, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, which is composed of Hatakejima Island and Komarujima Islet, connected to the former in low tide. Hatakejima Island was purchased by Kyoto University and was designated as the “Hatakejima Experimental Field” in 1968. The year 2019 marks the 50th year of the long-term surveys that have been formally conducted on the experimental field since 1969 (i.e., the Century of Research Project). We conducted a field survey to record the macrobenthic fauna of the experimental field in 2019. A total of 168 species of 11 phyla were recorded in this survey. In each phylum, the number of species is listed as follows in descending order: Mollusca (78 spp.), Arthropoda (27 spp.), Echinodermata (23 spp.), Annelida (21 spp.), Cnidaria (7 spp.), Porifera (3 spp.), Nemertea (3 spp.), Platyhelminthes (2 spp.), Chordata (2 spp.), Bryozoa (1 sp.), and Hemichordata (1 sp.). We also recorded and discussed the influence of recent environmental changes around the Hatakejima Experimental Field. Tropical sea urchin species disappeared in the winter of 2017–2018 following the large meander of the Kuroshio Current, which led to decreasing water temperatures. The population of the seagrass Zostera japonica drastically decreased on the western sandy shore of the island in 2019, most likely because of two big typhoons in September 2018. We must conduct continuous observations to aid the recovery of seagrass-associated communities and protect the experimental field to keep high biodiversity of macrobenthic fauna in the future

nsPEFs induce the ISR via ROS-mediated HRI activation

The integrated stress response (ISR) is one of the most important cytoprotective mechanisms and is integrated by phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). Four eIF2α kinases, heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI), double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), are activated in response to several stress conditions. We previously reported that nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) are a potential therapeutic tool for ISR activation. In this study, we examined which eIF2α kinase is activated by nsPEF treatment. To assess the responsible eIF2α kinase, we used previously established eIF2α kinase quadruple knockout (4KO) and single eIF2α kinase-rescued 4KO mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. nsPEFs 70 ns in duration with 30 kV/cm electric fields caused eIF2α phosphorylation in wild-type (WT) MEF cells. On the other hand, nsPEF-induced eIF2α phosphorylation was completely abolished in 4KO MEF cells and was recovered by HRI overexpression. CM-H2DCFDA staining showed that nsPEFs generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activated HRI. nsPEF-induced eIF2α phosphorylation was blocked by treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Our results indicate that the eIF2α kinase HRI is responsible for nsPEF-induced ISR activation and is activated by nsPEF-generated ROS