3,744 research outputs found
Netlaw
As the Internet becomes increasingly commercialized, the role of national and international laws for regulating the Internet moves to the forefront. The unique nature of conducting business and communicating over the Internet challenges numerous well-established legal principles and standards. Internet law, or NetLaw, deals with the legalities of Internet usage and provides an understanding of how laws interrelate with other aspects of online culture and society. This short tutorial explores the most important legal issues raised by the expanding use of the Internet and provides a general understanding of the concept, benefits and recent developments of NetLaw
Chaotic exploration and learning of locomotion behaviours
We present a general and fully dynamic neural system, which exploits intrinsic chaotic dynamics, for the real-time goal-directed exploration and learning of the possible locomotion patterns of an articulated robot of an arbitrary morphology in an unknown environment. The controller is modeled as a network of neural oscillators that are initially coupled only through physical embodiment, and goal-directed exploration of coordinated motor patterns is achieved by chaotic search using adaptive bifurcation. The phase space of the indirectly coupled neural-body-environment system contains multiple transient or permanent self-organized dynamics, each of which is a candidate for a locomotion behavior. The adaptive bifurcation enables the system orbit to wander through various phase-coordinated states, using its intrinsic chaotic dynamics as a driving force, and stabilizes on to one of the states matching the given goal criteria. In order to improve the sustainability of useful transient patterns, sensory homeostasis has been introduced, which results in an increased diversity of motor outputs, thus achieving multiscale exploration. A rhythmic pattern discovered by this process is memorized and sustained by changing the wiring between initially disconnected oscillators using an adaptive synchronization method. Our results show that the novel neurorobotic system is able to create and learn multiple locomotion behaviors for a wide range of body configurations and physical environments and can readapt in realtime after sustaining damage
Pros And Cons Of E-Commerce Taxation
Tax policies affecting the Internet have important implications for the continued growth of e-commerce and trade, as well as the future of both corporate and individual privacy. This paper explores some of the issues concerning both domestic and international Internet taxation, reviews the current Internet Tax Freedom Act, analyzes e-commerce and its effects on taxing systems throughout the world, and provides arguments for and against e-commerce taxation and regulation
Susceptibility of Several Insecticides on Three Aphids
Differences in susceptibility of several organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides to three aphids species were determined by leaf-dipping and spray methods. The insects tested were the apterous adults of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) and soybean aphid (Aphis glycines). The comparison of LC50 levels was indicated as follows: (1) The susceptibility to insecticides tested were greatly varied with the test methods. (2) The leaf-dipping method is more recommendable than the spray method for c insecticide screening with aphids. It was easier, more accurate and less variable than the latter. (3) The susceptibility to insecticides was greatly varied between the aphid species. Soybean aphid was more susceptible to the insecticides than green peach aphid and cotton aphid. Exceptionally, pirimicarb was not effective on the cotton aphid.Originating text in Korean.Citation: Kim, G. H., Shim, W. K., Ahn, J. W., Cho, K. Y. (1987). Susceptibility of Several Insecticides on Three Aphids. Korean Journal of Plant Protection, 26(2), 83-88
Retraction notice: Influence of compressing pressure on macro void formation carbon monolith for methane adsorption
RETRACTION NOTICEOn 21rd February 2019, the Editorial Board of the Mongolian Journal of Chemistry decided to retract this article entitled "Influence of compressing pressure on macro void formation of carbon monolith for methane adsorption" because of an authorship dispute. The article was originally published in Vol.18 No.44 2017 pp.24-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v18i44.93
Influence of compressing pressure on macro void formation of carbon monolith for methane adsorption
Carbon monoliths for adsorbed natural gas (ANG) storage were prepared from Mongolian anthracite-based activated carbons using carboxy-methyl cellulose as a binder under different compressing pressures. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption experiments were carried out to obtain the specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution of the monoliths. Methane adsorption experiments on the carbon monoliths were conducted at different temperatures and pressures up to around 3.5 MPa in a high pressure volumetric adsorption apparatus. As expected, adsorption results indicated that the methane adsorption capacity of the carbon monoliths increased with increasing specific surface area and packing density. The maximum volumetric adsorption of methane was observed as 163 V/V at 293 K and 3.5 MPa on a carbon monolith sample, PMAC1/2-3-65, that does not have the highest specific surface area but relatively high packing density comparing with other monoliths, which implies that two physical properties contribute contradictorily to the methane adsorption capacity. Based on experimental results, the carbon monoliths prepared from Mongolian anthracite-based activated carbons can be promising media for ANG storage application
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL IN TENNIS SERVES PERFORMED BY ELITE PLAYERS
This study quantified the pre-and post-impact 3-D kinematics of the ball and racquet during the serves that landed at different locations performed by five male and four female professional tennis players. Data were collected during competition using two high-speed cameras (200 Hz). Two first serves .-one landed near the center line and the other near the side line --were analyzed for each subject. A 2 x 2 ANOVA (0 < .05) was performed for each parameter. The results indicate that the males had significantly greater post-impact ball and racquet velocities than their female counterparts. Though not statistically significant, the ball tended to travel to the left less during the toss and have lower post-impact velocity for serves that landed near the side line. Altering the toss might be one of the strategies used by players to control ball direction in the serve
Inclusion of virtual nuclear excitations in the formulation of the (e,e'N)
A wave-function framework for the theory of the (e,e'N) reaction is presented
in order to justify the use of coupled channel equations in the usual Feynman
matrix element. The overall wave function containing the electron and nucleon
coordinates is expanded in a basis set of eigenstates of the nuclear
Hamiltonian, which contain both bound states as well as continuum states.. The
latter have an ingoing nucleon with a variable momentum Q incident on the
daughter nucleus as a target, with as many outgoing channels as desirable. The
Dirac Eqs. for the electron part of the wave function acquire inhomogeneous
terms, and require the use of distorted electron Green's functions for their
solutions. The condition that the asymptotic wave function contain only the
appropriate momentum Q_k for the outgoing nucleon, which corresponds to the
electron momentum k through energy conservation, is achieved through the use of
the steepest descent saddle point method, commonly used in three-body
calculations.Comment: 30 page
Nonlinear software sensor for monitoring genetic regulation processes with noise and modeling errors
Nonlinear control techniques by means of a software sensor that are commonly
used in chemical engineering could be also applied to genetic regulation
processes. We provide here a realistic formulation of this procedure by
introducing an additive white Gaussian noise, which is usually found in
experimental data. Besides, we include model errors, meaning that we assume we
do not know the nonlinear regulation function of the process. In order to
illustrate this procedure, we employ the Goodwin dynamics of the concentrations
[B.C. Goodwin, Temporal Oscillations in Cells, (Academic Press, New York,
1963)] in the simple form recently applied to single gene systems and some
operon cases [H. De Jong, J. Comp. Biol. 9, 67 (2002)], which involves the
dynamics of the mRNA, given protein, and metabolite concentrations. Further, we
present results for a three gene case in co-regulated sets of transcription
units as they occur in prokaryotes. However, instead of considering their full
dynamics, we use only the data of the metabolites and a designed software
sensor. We also show, more generally, that it is possible to rebuild the
complete set of nonmeasured concentrations despite the uncertainties in the
regulation function or, even more, in the case of not knowing the mRNA
dynamics. In addition, the rebuilding of concentrations is not affected by the
perturbation due to the additive white Gaussian noise and also we managed to
filter the noisy output of the biological systemComment: 21 pages, 7 figures; also selected in vjbio of August 2005; this
version corrects a misorder in the last three references of the published
versio
The mechanical relaxation study of polycrystalline MgCNi3
The mechanical relaxation spectra of a superconducting and a
non-superconducting MgCNi3 samples were measured from liquid nitrogen
temperature to room temperature at frequency of kilohertz. There are two
internal friction peaks (at 300 K labeled as P1 and 125 K as P2) for the
superconducting sample. For the non-superconducting one, the position of P1
shifts to 250 K, while P2 is almost completely depressed. It is found that the
peak position of P2 shifts towards higher temperature under higher measuring
frequency. The calculated activation energy is 0.13eV. We propose an
explanation relating P2 to the carbon atom jumping among the off-center
positions. And further we expect that the behaviors of carbon atoms maybe
correspond to the normal state crossovers around 150 K and 50 K observed by
many other experiments.Comment: 4 figure
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