DeepSum: A Deep Learning Framework for Summarizing Animal Behavior

The burgeoning field of ethology necessitates efficient tools for analyzing extensive video recordings of animal behavior, as manually sifting through hours of footage is both time-consuming and susceptible to observer bias. Here we present an innovative deep learning framework tailored for summarizing animal behavior videos, aiming to distill lengthy recordings into concise, informative segments. Leveraging the latest advancements in hierarchical video summarization, our approach employs a combination of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Transformer models to extract and understand complex spatial-temporal patterns inherent in animal movements and interactions. The model is designed to recognize and prioritize key behavioral events, ensuring the retention of critical moments in the summarized output. Additionally, an attention mechanism is incorporated to adaptively focus on salient features, enhancing the model’s capability to discern subtle yet significant behavioral nuances. We assess our framework on a range of datasets containing different species and behavioral situations, and find that it outperforms current state-of-the-art techniques in terms of accuracy, coherence, and informativeness of the generated summaries. In addition to providing a consistent, objective method of analyzing animal behavior, DeepSum dramatically reduces the amount of manual labor needed for behavioral analysis, opening the door for advancements in ethological research and wildlife conservation

A case report on decidual cast

The mucous membrane lining of uterus is known as decidua once it is implanted with a fertilized egg. A decidual cast forms under the influence of hormones while preparing uterus for implantation and it can shed by taking the shape of uterus. It has well known association with ectopic pregnancy. Also it can occur with incomplete abortion as mentioned in this case report. Other conditions are use of progesterone, standard dose of oral contraceptive pills. Our patient 25 year unbooked gravida 3 parity 2 with 12 week period of gestation presented to emergency department with incomplete abortion with excessive bleeding and anaemia. She was shifted for surgical evacuation in which she passed decidual cast, a very rare finding. The histopathology report suggest retained product of conception with chorionic villi

Holocord low grade astrocytoma – Role of radical irradiation and chemotherapy

AbstractSpinal intradural tumors, especially those extending along the entire length of the spinal cord, termed as ‘holocord’ tumors are uncommon. Most of these are gliomas, with astrocytomas (low grade) predominating in children and ependymomas in adults. Other histologies, though reported, are even rarer. Management is debatable, with both surgery and radiotherapy of such extensive tumors posing challenges. We describe a case of a 14-year-old girl with holocord astrocytoma extending from cervicomedullary junction till lumbar spine, who recovered full neurological function following radical irradiation of entire spine followed by temozolomide-based chemotherapy. No grade 3/4 bone marrow morbidity was seen. Five years following treatment, she maintained normal neurological function and apparently normal pubertal and skeletal growth despite residual disease visible on imaging. Literature review of existing reports of holocord astrocytomas highlighting management and outcome is presented

The effectiveness of intravenous dexmedetomidine on haemodynamic responses during tracheal extubation in patients undergoing craniotomies

Background: Dexmedetomidine an α2 agonist reduces heart rate and blood pressure due to sympatholytic activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on haemodynamic response during endotracheal extubation in patients undergoing craniotomies for intracranial space occupying lesion (ICSOL).Methods: Sixty patients of ASA grade I and II, age 18-50 years scheduled for craniotomy for nonvascular ICSOL were selected after randomization into 2 groups with 30 patients in each group. Group D and C received an IV infusion of dexmedetomidine 0.5 mg/kg and normal saline 100 ml respectively over 10 min at the time of skin closure in a double-blind manner. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded just before drug administration, 3 and 5 minutes after drug administration, during extubation and at 3, 5, 10 and 15 minutes after extubation. Respiratory rate and oxygen saturation were analyzed at 3, 5, 10 and15 minutes after extubation. Any laryngospasm, bronchospasm, desaturation, respiratory depression, vomiting, hypotension and bradycardia was noted.Results: Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased during emergence time in both groups (p<0.05) but this increase was more significant in control group than group D. SBP and heart rate were significantly lower in group D from 3 minutes after drug administration to 15 minutes after extubation. DBP was lower in group D during extubation till 15 minutes after extubation (p<0.01). No significant differences were observed in the respect of adverse events between the groups.Conclusions: Intravenous dexmedetomidine 0.5 mg/kg before extubation is attenuates haemodynamic response during endotracheal extubation in craniotomies

Occurrence and risk factors of Vitamin D deficiency in Indian children living with HIV – A case–control study

Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is highly prevalent in healthy individuals. Studies suggest that Vitamin D plays an important role in immune system. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of VDD in Indian children living with HIV (CLHIV) and to find out the risk factors associated with it. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional comparative study conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital of North India. A total of 52 CLHIV were enrolled consecutively from the pediatric HIV center and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled from the pediatric outpatient department. Serum Vitamin D levels of cases and controls were assessed and compared. Various risk factors, both classical (age, sex, sunlight exposure, average dietary intake of calcium, and Vitamin D) and disease related (WHO and immunological stage, duration, and regimen of treatment), were evaluated for VDD in CLHIV. Results: The prevalence of VDD in cases and controls was 69.23% and 19.23%, respectively (p&lt;0.001). The mean serum Vitamin D level of the cases (18.24±11.2 ng/dL) was significantly lower than that of controls (31.58±17.31 ng/dL) (p&lt;0.001). The risk factor that predicted the occurrence VDD in CLHIV was a poor intake of Vitamin D. Conclusion: CLHIV are more prone to VDD; hence, there is a need to regularly evaluate, supplement, and monitor for Vitamin D status in these children

Synthesis of Bioactive Chlorinated 10H-Phenothiazines, Sulfones, Ribofuranosides and their Antimicrobial activity

Heterocyclic Chemistry is a vast thrust area for researchers. Various publications on biologically active phenothiazines and their ribofuranosides in recent years have aroused the interest of scientists in the synthesis and biological activity of these heterocycles. This article reports synthesis of some new prospective bioactive 10H-phenothiazines, their sulfones and ribofuranosides that have shown significant antimicrobial activity against some selected strains of fungi, Gram positive and gram negative bacteria and lead us to develop a possibly potent class of antimicrobial agents. 10H-phenothiazines were prepared via Smiles rearrangement. Their sulfones and ribofuranosides were prepared by oxidation with 30% hydrogen peroxide in glacial acetic acid and reaction with b-D-ribofuranose-1-acetate-2,3,5-tribenzoate (sugar) respectively

A comparative evaluation of gabapentin and clonidine for attenuating pressor responses to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation in hypertensive patients-A prospective double-blinded clinical study

Background: Endotracheal intubation forms an indispensable part of general anesthesia. Various adjuvants have been added to diminish the hemodynamic stress response associated with it. These changes are more marked in hypertensive individuals. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of oral clonidine and oral gabapentin and their associated side effects if any; for attenuation of hemodynamic responses following laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 hypertensive patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists grade II/III scheduled for elective surgeries requiring general anesthesia were randomly allocated into three groups receiving Group G Tablet gabapentin 800 mg, Group C Tablet clonidine 0.2 mg, and Group P placebo (multivitamin tablets) given 2 h before surgery with a sip of water. The hemodynamic parameters such as heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and adverse events during the perioperative period were noted. The statistical analysis was done by paired t-test, ANOVA, and Chi-square test and by SPSS22 software. Results: The demographic data were comparable in all three groups. There was no significant difference at baseline for HR, SBP, DBP, and MBP in all three groups. The mean HR was significantly lower in Group C as compared to Group G and Group P (P<0.013). The mean SBP, DBP, and MBP was significantly lower in Groups C and G as compared to Group P (P<0.01) before induction, after induction after laryngoscopy and intubation, then at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min after intubation. Conclusion: Clonidine and gabapentin in the abovementioned doses can be safely used for attenuating hemodynamic stress response. Clonidine proved to have better hemodynamic stability and tends to be more effective in attenuating pressor response laryngoscopy and intubation in hypertensive patients when compared to gabapentin

Impact of patient positioning on radiotherapy dose distribution: An assessment in parotid tumor

Purpose: We intended to study the impact of patient positioning on the dose distribution within target volume and organs at risk in patients with parotid malignancies treated with 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) with photon wedge pair (WP) or intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).Methods: Three patients with a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the right parotid gland were consecutively immobilized using thermoplastic cast in 2 positions: supine with head in neutral position (HN) and with head turned 90° to the left side (HT). Images for treatment planning purpose were acquired in both positions. For both positions, photon WP plans and 5 field IMRT plans were generated, after contouring clinical target volume (CTV), planning target volume (PTV= CTV + 5 mm margin) and organs at risk (OAR). All plans were evaluated for target coverage and dose to OARs.Results: Both CTV and PTV were apparently larger in HN compared with HT (31.76±8.89 cc, 30.31±7.83 cc and 62.49±19.01 cc, 58.89±15.33 cc) respectively. The CI value for PTV was slightly better for HT compared to HN position in both the WP and IMRT plans. The homogeneity was comparable in both the head positions in case of WP plan. The mean HI of PTV was increased in case of IMRT plan at HT versus HN position (1.108 vs. 1.097). A change in head position from HN to HT with wedge pair plan resulted in a reduction of brainstem Dmax and Dmean. Lesser dose was observed in HN position for contralateral parotid. A difference of 0.9 Gy in the average Dmax to spinal cord was seen. The values of Dmean to mandible, oral cavity, ipsilateral and contralateral cochlea were higher in the HT position. A change in head position from HN to HT with IMRT plan resulted in a dose reduction in average Dmax to brainstem. The spinal cord Dmax increased at the HT position by 1.2 Gy. The dose to contralateral parotid and cochlea was comparable in both the positions. However, the Dmean to oral cavity was reduced at HT position. Whereas for IMRT versus wedge pair plan at head neutral position average Dmean to the contralateral parotid was reduced with the IMRT plan. A considerable reduction in Dmax to spinal cord and Dmean to ipsilateral cochlea was observed. A slight increase in average Dmax to brainstem and was observed with the IMRT plan. The doses to the remaining OARs were lesser in case of IMRT plan. For IMRT versus wedge pair plan at head tilt position slight increase in average Dmax to brainstem was observed in case of IMRT plan. A considerable reduction in Dmax to spinal cord and Dmean to ipsilateral cochlea was observed. The doses to the remaining OARs were reduced with IMRT plan.Conclusion: Change in head position from neutral to 90° contralateral tilt for wedge pair plan in parotid tumor may considerably reduce dose to the brainstem and spinal cord with a modest increase in dose to mandible, oral cavity, contralateral parotid, and bilateral cochlea. The alteration in head position has minimal impact on IMRT planning

Sensitive detection of Trypanosoma evansi infection by polymerase chain reaction targeting invariable surface glycoprotein gene

Trypanosoma evansi, an extracellular haemoprotozoan parasite, causes surra in a wide range of domestic and wild animals. In the present study, a diagnostic PCR assay was developed using primers targeting invariable surface glycoprotein (ISG) gene of T. evansi, which amplified a 196 bp product. The DNA was extracted from purified trypanosomes and T. evansi infected mice blood, and serially diluted ranging from 20 ng/µl to 0.002 pg/µl and from 90 ng/µl to 0.009 pg/µl, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity of the PCR assay was 0.02 ng/µl (2×101 parasites) and 0.09 ng/µl (1×102 parasites) with purified parasite DNA and infected mice blood DNA, respectively. The PCR assay was also performed on extracted genomic DNA from 86 blood samples from the field out of which 3 animals were found positive by ISG-PCR assay. The developed ISG gene based PCR assay could be employed for sensitive detection of early infection, sub-clinical status of trypanosomosis and drug efficacy studies in animals

Cyberknife fractionated radiotherapy for adrenal metastases: Preliminary report from a multispecialty Indian cancer care center

Purpose: Metastasis to adrenal gland from lung, breast, and kidney malignancies are quite common. Historically radiotherapy was intended for pain palliation. Recent studies with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) including Cyberknife robotic radiosurgery aiming at disease control brings about encouraging results. Here we represent the early clinical experience with Cyberknife stereotactic system from an Indian cancer care center. The main purpose of this retrospective review is to serve as a stepping stone for future prospective studies with non- invasive yet effective technique compared to surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed four cases of adrenal metastases (three: lung and one: renal cell carcinoma) treated with Cyberknife SBRT. X sight spine tracking was employed for planning and treatment delivery. Patients were evaluated for local response clinically as well as with PETCT based response criteria.Results: With a median gross tumor volume of 20.5 cc and median dose per fraction of 10 Gy, two patients had complete response (CR) and two had partial response (PR) when assessed 8-12 weeks post treatment as per RECIST. There was no RTOG grade 2 or more acute adverse events and organs at risk dosage were acceptable. Till last follow up all the patients were locally controlled and alive. Conclusion: Cyberknife SBRT with its unique advantages like non- invasive, short duration outpatient treatment technique culminating in similar local control rates in comparison to surgery is an attractive option. World literature of linear accelerator based SBRT and our data with Cyberknife SBRT with small sample size and early follow up are similar in terms of local control in adrenal metastases. Future prospective data would reveal more information on the management of adrenal metastases