11 research outputs found
Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Aflatoxin-Triggered Immune Response in Cotyledons of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> Infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
An immune response is triggered in host cells when host
receptors
recognize conserved molecular motifs, pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), such as β-glucans, and chitin at the cell
surface of a pathogen. Effector-triggered immunity occurs when pathogens
deliver effectors into the host cell to suppress the first immune
signaling. Using a differential proteomic approach, we identified
an array of proteins responding to aflatoxins in cotyledons of peanut
(<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) infected with aflatoxin-producing
(toxigenic) but not nonaflatoxin-producing (atoxigenic) strains of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. These proteins are involved in immune
signaling and PAMP perception, DNA and RNA stabilization, induction
of defense, innate immunity, hypersensitive response, biosynthesis
of phytoalexins, cell wall responses, peptidoglycan assembly, penetration
resistance, condensed tannin synthesis, detoxification, and metabolic
regulation. Gene expression analysis confirmed the differential abundance
of proteins in peanut cotyledons supplemented with aflatoxins, with
or without infection with the atoxigenic strain. Similarly, peanut
germination and <i>A. flavus</i> growth were altered in
response to aflatoxin B1. These findings show an additional immunity
initiated by aflatoxins. With the PAMP- and effector-triggered immune
responses, this immunity constitutes the third immune response of
the immune system in peanut cotyledon cells. The system is also a
three-grade coevolution of plant–pathogen interaction
Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Aflatoxin-Triggered Immune Response in Cotyledons of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> Infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
An immune response is triggered in host cells when host
receptors
recognize conserved molecular motifs, pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), such as β-glucans, and chitin at the cell
surface of a pathogen. Effector-triggered immunity occurs when pathogens
deliver effectors into the host cell to suppress the first immune
signaling. Using a differential proteomic approach, we identified
an array of proteins responding to aflatoxins in cotyledons of peanut
(<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) infected with aflatoxin-producing
(toxigenic) but not nonaflatoxin-producing (atoxigenic) strains of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. These proteins are involved in immune
signaling and PAMP perception, DNA and RNA stabilization, induction
of defense, innate immunity, hypersensitive response, biosynthesis
of phytoalexins, cell wall responses, peptidoglycan assembly, penetration
resistance, condensed tannin synthesis, detoxification, and metabolic
regulation. Gene expression analysis confirmed the differential abundance
of proteins in peanut cotyledons supplemented with aflatoxins, with
or without infection with the atoxigenic strain. Similarly, peanut
germination and <i>A. flavus</i> growth were altered in
response to aflatoxin B1. These findings show an additional immunity
initiated by aflatoxins. With the PAMP- and effector-triggered immune
responses, this immunity constitutes the third immune response of
the immune system in peanut cotyledon cells. The system is also a
three-grade coevolution of plant–pathogen interaction
Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Aflatoxin-Triggered Immune Response in Cotyledons of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> Infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
An immune response is triggered in host cells when host
receptors
recognize conserved molecular motifs, pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), such as β-glucans, and chitin at the cell
surface of a pathogen. Effector-triggered immunity occurs when pathogens
deliver effectors into the host cell to suppress the first immune
signaling. Using a differential proteomic approach, we identified
an array of proteins responding to aflatoxins in cotyledons of peanut
(<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) infected with aflatoxin-producing
(toxigenic) but not nonaflatoxin-producing (atoxigenic) strains of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. These proteins are involved in immune
signaling and PAMP perception, DNA and RNA stabilization, induction
of defense, innate immunity, hypersensitive response, biosynthesis
of phytoalexins, cell wall responses, peptidoglycan assembly, penetration
resistance, condensed tannin synthesis, detoxification, and metabolic
regulation. Gene expression analysis confirmed the differential abundance
of proteins in peanut cotyledons supplemented with aflatoxins, with
or without infection with the atoxigenic strain. Similarly, peanut
germination and <i>A. flavus</i> growth were altered in
response to aflatoxin B1. These findings show an additional immunity
initiated by aflatoxins. With the PAMP- and effector-triggered immune
responses, this immunity constitutes the third immune response of
the immune system in peanut cotyledon cells. The system is also a
three-grade coevolution of plant–pathogen interaction
Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Aflatoxin-Triggered Immune Response in Cotyledons of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> Infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
An immune response is triggered in host cells when host
receptors
recognize conserved molecular motifs, pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), such as β-glucans, and chitin at the cell
surface of a pathogen. Effector-triggered immunity occurs when pathogens
deliver effectors into the host cell to suppress the first immune
signaling. Using a differential proteomic approach, we identified
an array of proteins responding to aflatoxins in cotyledons of peanut
(<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) infected with aflatoxin-producing
(toxigenic) but not nonaflatoxin-producing (atoxigenic) strains of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. These proteins are involved in immune
signaling and PAMP perception, DNA and RNA stabilization, induction
of defense, innate immunity, hypersensitive response, biosynthesis
of phytoalexins, cell wall responses, peptidoglycan assembly, penetration
resistance, condensed tannin synthesis, detoxification, and metabolic
regulation. Gene expression analysis confirmed the differential abundance
of proteins in peanut cotyledons supplemented with aflatoxins, with
or without infection with the atoxigenic strain. Similarly, peanut
germination and <i>A. flavus</i> growth were altered in
response to aflatoxin B1. These findings show an additional immunity
initiated by aflatoxins. With the PAMP- and effector-triggered immune
responses, this immunity constitutes the third immune response of
the immune system in peanut cotyledon cells. The system is also a
three-grade coevolution of plant–pathogen interaction
Proteomic Analysis Reveals an Aflatoxin-Triggered Immune Response in Cotyledons of <i>Arachis hypogaea</i> Infected with <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>
An immune response is triggered in host cells when host
receptors
recognize conserved molecular motifs, pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), such as β-glucans, and chitin at the cell
surface of a pathogen. Effector-triggered immunity occurs when pathogens
deliver effectors into the host cell to suppress the first immune
signaling. Using a differential proteomic approach, we identified
an array of proteins responding to aflatoxins in cotyledons of peanut
(<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) infected with aflatoxin-producing
(toxigenic) but not nonaflatoxin-producing (atoxigenic) strains of <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>. These proteins are involved in immune
signaling and PAMP perception, DNA and RNA stabilization, induction
of defense, innate immunity, hypersensitive response, biosynthesis
of phytoalexins, cell wall responses, peptidoglycan assembly, penetration
resistance, condensed tannin synthesis, detoxification, and metabolic
regulation. Gene expression analysis confirmed the differential abundance
of proteins in peanut cotyledons supplemented with aflatoxins, with
or without infection with the atoxigenic strain. Similarly, peanut
germination and <i>A. flavus</i> growth were altered in
response to aflatoxin B1. These findings show an additional immunity
initiated by aflatoxins. With the PAMP- and effector-triggered immune
responses, this immunity constitutes the third immune response of
the immune system in peanut cotyledon cells. The system is also a
three-grade coevolution of plant–pathogen interaction
Table_5_Integrated metabolomics and lipidomics analyses suggest the temperature-dependent lipid desaturation promotes aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus.xlsx
Temperature is one of the main factors affecting aflatoxin (AF) biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Previous studies showed that AF biosynthesis is elevated in A. flavus at temperatures between 28°C-30°C, while it is inhibited at temperatures above 30°C. However, little is known about the metabolic mechanism underlying temperature-regulated AF biosynthesis. In this study, we integrated metabolomic and lipidomic analyses to investigate the endogenous metabolism of A. flavus across 6 days of mycelia growth at 28°C (optimal AF production) and 37°C (no AF production). Results showed that both metabolite and lipid profiles were significantly altered at different temperatures. In particular, metabolites involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were up-regulated at 37°C on the second day but down-regulated from days three to six. Moreover, lipidomics and targeted fatty acids analyses of mycelia samples revealed a distinct pattern of lipid species and free fatty acids desaturation. High degrees of polyunsaturation of most lipid species at 28°C were positively correlated with AF production. These results provide new insights into the underlying metabolic changes in A. flavus under temperature stress.</p
Table_2_Integrated metabolomics and lipidomics analyses suggest the temperature-dependent lipid desaturation promotes aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus.XLSX
Temperature is one of the main factors affecting aflatoxin (AF) biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Previous studies showed that AF biosynthesis is elevated in A. flavus at temperatures between 28°C-30°C, while it is inhibited at temperatures above 30°C. However, little is known about the metabolic mechanism underlying temperature-regulated AF biosynthesis. In this study, we integrated metabolomic and lipidomic analyses to investigate the endogenous metabolism of A. flavus across 6 days of mycelia growth at 28°C (optimal AF production) and 37°C (no AF production). Results showed that both metabolite and lipid profiles were significantly altered at different temperatures. In particular, metabolites involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were up-regulated at 37°C on the second day but down-regulated from days three to six. Moreover, lipidomics and targeted fatty acids analyses of mycelia samples revealed a distinct pattern of lipid species and free fatty acids desaturation. High degrees of polyunsaturation of most lipid species at 28°C were positively correlated with AF production. These results provide new insights into the underlying metabolic changes in A. flavus under temperature stress.</p
Table_3_Integrated metabolomics and lipidomics analyses suggest the temperature-dependent lipid desaturation promotes aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus.XLSX
Temperature is one of the main factors affecting aflatoxin (AF) biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Previous studies showed that AF biosynthesis is elevated in A. flavus at temperatures between 28°C-30°C, while it is inhibited at temperatures above 30°C. However, little is known about the metabolic mechanism underlying temperature-regulated AF biosynthesis. In this study, we integrated metabolomic and lipidomic analyses to investigate the endogenous metabolism of A. flavus across 6 days of mycelia growth at 28°C (optimal AF production) and 37°C (no AF production). Results showed that both metabolite and lipid profiles were significantly altered at different temperatures. In particular, metabolites involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were up-regulated at 37°C on the second day but down-regulated from days three to six. Moreover, lipidomics and targeted fatty acids analyses of mycelia samples revealed a distinct pattern of lipid species and free fatty acids desaturation. High degrees of polyunsaturation of most lipid species at 28°C were positively correlated with AF production. These results provide new insights into the underlying metabolic changes in A. flavus under temperature stress.</p
Table_1_Integrated metabolomics and lipidomics analyses suggest the temperature-dependent lipid desaturation promotes aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus.XLSX
Temperature is one of the main factors affecting aflatoxin (AF) biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Previous studies showed that AF biosynthesis is elevated in A. flavus at temperatures between 28°C-30°C, while it is inhibited at temperatures above 30°C. However, little is known about the metabolic mechanism underlying temperature-regulated AF biosynthesis. In this study, we integrated metabolomic and lipidomic analyses to investigate the endogenous metabolism of A. flavus across 6 days of mycelia growth at 28°C (optimal AF production) and 37°C (no AF production). Results showed that both metabolite and lipid profiles were significantly altered at different temperatures. In particular, metabolites involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were up-regulated at 37°C on the second day but down-regulated from days three to six. Moreover, lipidomics and targeted fatty acids analyses of mycelia samples revealed a distinct pattern of lipid species and free fatty acids desaturation. High degrees of polyunsaturation of most lipid species at 28°C were positively correlated with AF production. These results provide new insights into the underlying metabolic changes in A. flavus under temperature stress.</p
Table_4_Integrated metabolomics and lipidomics analyses suggest the temperature-dependent lipid desaturation promotes aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus.XLSX
Temperature is one of the main factors affecting aflatoxin (AF) biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Previous studies showed that AF biosynthesis is elevated in A. flavus at temperatures between 28°C-30°C, while it is inhibited at temperatures above 30°C. However, little is known about the metabolic mechanism underlying temperature-regulated AF biosynthesis. In this study, we integrated metabolomic and lipidomic analyses to investigate the endogenous metabolism of A. flavus across 6 days of mycelia growth at 28°C (optimal AF production) and 37°C (no AF production). Results showed that both metabolite and lipid profiles were significantly altered at different temperatures. In particular, metabolites involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism were up-regulated at 37°C on the second day but down-regulated from days three to six. Moreover, lipidomics and targeted fatty acids analyses of mycelia samples revealed a distinct pattern of lipid species and free fatty acids desaturation. High degrees of polyunsaturation of most lipid species at 28°C were positively correlated with AF production. These results provide new insights into the underlying metabolic changes in A. flavus under temperature stress.</p