Effects of evodiamine(EVO)on the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231.

<p>The incubation period was from 1 to 4 days. Proliferation index was measured by MTT assay. Each value presents mean plus or minus SEM. * <i>p</i><0.05, ** <i>p</i><0.01 as compared to corresponding vehicle group.</p

Morphological change of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells after administration with evodiamine (1×10 ⁻⁶, 1×10⁻⁵ M) for 24 or 48 hrs.

<p>Morphological change of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells after administration with evodiamine (1×10 ⁻⁶, 1×10⁻⁵ M) for 24 or 48 hrs.</p

Effects of evodiamine(EVO)on the protein expression of Bax in MCF-7 cells which were treated for 18 hrs.

<p>The media for MCF-7 cells were phenol red-free DMEM/F12 supplemented with 2% charcoal/dextran-stripped FBS and estradiol(10⁻⁹ M). Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot. Each value presents mean plus or minus SEM. ** <i>p</i><0.01 as compared to vehicle group.</p

Effects of evodiamine (EVO) on the protein expression of PARP and cleaved-PARP in MCF-7 cells treated with evodiamine for 24 or 48 hr.

<p>Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot. Each value presents mean plus or minus SEM. ** <i>p</i><0.01 as compared to corresponding vehicle group.</p

Effects of ICI-182,780(ICI), evodiamine(EVO)and ICI combined with EVO on the proliferation of MCF-7 cells.

<p>The incubation period was from 1 to 4 days. Proliferation index was measured by MTT assay. Each value presents mean plus or minus SEM. ++<i>p<</i>0.01 as compared to vehicle of day 1, *<i>p<</i>0.05 and **<i>p<</i>0.01 as compared to corresponding vehicle group. #<i>p<</i>0.05 as compared to ICI treated group.</p

Effects of evodiamine(EVO)on the mRNA (a.) and protein (b.) expression of Nbk (Bik) in MCF-7 cells which were treated for 18 hrs.

<p>The media for MCF-7 were phenol red-free DMEM/F12 supplemented with 2% charcoal/dextran-stripped FBS and estradiol(10⁻⁹ M). Cell lysates were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot. Each value presents mean plus or minus SEM. ** <i>p</i><0.01 compared to vehicle group.</p

Effects of evodiamine (EVO) on the protein expression of ERα (a.), ERβ (b.) and mRNA of ERα (c.) in MCF-7 cells which were treated with evodiamine for 24 or 48 hr for the detection of protein, and 18-hrs culture was for mRNA measurement.

<p>Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot (<b>a. and b.</b>) or RT-PCR (<b>c.</b>). Each value presents mean plus or minus SEM. **<i>p</i><0.01 as compared to corresponding vehicle group.</p

Effects of evodiamine(EVO)on the protein expression of procaspase 7 and cleaved-caspase 7 in MCF-7 cells treated with evodiamine for 24 or 48 hr.

<p>Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blot. Each value presents mean plus or minus SEM. ** <i>p</i><0.01 as compared to corresponding vehicle group.</p

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Liquid and Vapor Phase Phenolic Essential Oil Compounds against Oral Microorganisms

<div><p>The aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activities of the phenolic essential oil (EO) compounds hinokitiol, carvacrol, thymol, and menthol against oral pathogens. <i>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</i>, <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>, Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), and <i>Escherichia</i>. <i>coli</i> were used in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), bacterial growth curves, temperature and pH stabilities, and synergistic effects of the liquid and vapor EO compounds were tested. The MIC/MBC of the EO compounds, ranging from the strongest to weakest, were hinokitiol (40–60 μg/mL/40-100 μg/mL), thymol (100–200 μg/mL/200-400 μg/mL), carvacrol (200–400 μg/mL/200-600 μg/mL), and menthol (500-more than 2500 μg/mL/1000-more than 2500 μg/mL). The antibacterial activities of the four EO phenolic compound based on the agar diffusion test and bacterial growth curves showed that the four EO phenolic compounds were stable under different temperatures for 24 h, but the thymol activity decreased when the temperature was higher than 80°C. The combination of liquid carvacrol with thymol did not show any synergistic effects. The activities of the vaporous carvacrol and thymol were inhibited by the presence of water. Continual violent shaking during culture enhanced the activity of menthol. Both liquid and vaporous hinokitiol were stable at different temperatures and pH conditions. The combination of vaporous hinokitiol with zinc oxide did not show synergistic effects. These results showed that the liquid and vapor phases of hinokitiol have strong anti-oral bacteria abilities. Hinokitiol has the potential to be applied in oral health care products, dental materials, and infection controls to exert antimicrobial activity.</p></div

The physical characteristics of hinokitiol, carvacrol, thymol, and menthol.

<p>The physical characteristics of hinokitiol, carvacrol, thymol, and menthol.</p