76 research outputs found
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èŠãšèãããããErianthus, a perennial C4 grass, has been the focus of attention as cellulosic raw material for bioethanol, because it shows high yield performance and high tolerance to environmental stresses. We examined canopy structure of one- and two-year Erianthus populations in the previous report. The result of our investigation showed that two-year population had much higher yield comparing with one-year population. At the same time analysis on the canopy structure of two-year population suggested light condition in the canopy might be worse, though this has not yet been verified. In this study, we examined effect of thinning from 1 m x 1 m to 2 m x 1 m in different years. A-population was thinned after the two-year harvesting, B-population thinned after the one-year harvesting, respectively. As a result, biomass production in the subsequent year was larger by decrease in the planting density by thinning, possibly because of improving light conditions in the canopy. Although the yield in the second year of B-population is less than that of A-population, total yield during the first three years of B-population is much more than that of A-population. Based on the analysis of yield of both populations, yield should depend on the number of tiller buds formed in the previous year and growth period of tillers. In conclusion it is considered better to control planting density to improve the light condition in the canopy to lead to better growth and development of tillers through increasing matter production to get greater total yield during growth period, where the thinning time should be determined depending on growth condition
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¥æç¶çãªæ œå¹æ¹æ³ã®ç¢ºç«ã«åœ¹ç«ãŠãããšèããŠãããErianthus, a perennial C4 grass, has been the focus of attention as cellulosic raw material for bioethanol, because it shows high yield performance and high tolerance to environmental stresses. Canopy structure of Erianthus, however, has rarely been studied, though it has a possible relation to high yield potential. We examined canopy structure of one- and two-year Erianthus populations at different growth stages using Plant Canopy Analyzer. The result of our investigation is that two-year plant population showed much higher yield comparing with one-year population. At the same time, canopy structure of two populations at heading was different from each other. Biomass of nonphotosynthetic organs was much higher in the two-year population, while its distribution pattern was not different from that in the one-year population. Because mean stem number of each plant is not different between one- and two-year populations, stem in two-year population should be larger, which could contribute to much higher yield performance. Biomass of photosynthetic organs (leaf blade) in the two-year population was larger than that in the one-year. At the same time, vertical distribution of leaf blade biomass has the peak at the higher position in the two-year population. Such canopy structure leads to rapid decrease of intercepted radiation, which suggests light condition in the canopy was not always best for the two-year population. There is a possibility, therefore, that biomass yield of population will be higher with thinning to a lower planting density. The present study figured out canopy structure of Erinthus population with different planting year which was effective information to enable the construction of low-input and sustainable cultivation system
A Study on Project-Based Learning from the Viewpoint of Organizational Knowledge Creation Theory
ã¢ã¯ãã£ãã©ãŒãã³ã°ã®1 ã€ãšããŠPBLïŒproblem/project-based learningïŒããããPBL ã«ã¯åé¡è§£æ±ºåŠç¿ïŒproblem based learningïŒãšãããžã§ã¯ãåŠç¿ïŒproject based learningïŒã®2 ã€ãããããããŸã§PBL ã察象ãšããç 究ã¯çå®ã«èç©ãããŠãããïŒPBL ã®çè«çæ çµã¿ã¯æªã è匱ã§ããããšãææãããŠãããããã§ïŒæ¬ç 究ã§ã¯ãã®åé¡ãå
æããããã«ïŒå€§åŠæè²ã§ã®ãããžã§ã¯ãåŠç¿ã«ã€ããŠïŒçµç¹çç¥èåµé çè«ããèå¯ãããæ¬ç 究ã®ç¬¬1 ã®ç®çã¯ïŒçµç¹çç¥èåµé çè«ããããžã§ã¯ãåŠç¿ã«ãããŠãé©çšã§ããããšã確èªããããšã§ããã第2 ã®ç®çã¯ïŒãããžã§ã¯ãåŠç¿ã«ãããæå¡ã®åœ¹å²ã«ã€ããŠïŒçµç¹çç¥èåµé çè«ãã瀺åãåŸãããšã§ãããæ¬ç 究ã§ã¯ïŒä»¥äžã®3 ã¹ããããèžãããŸãïŒæ¬ç 究ã®éµæŠå¿µã§ããçµç¹çç¥èåµé çè«ã玹ä»ããã次ã«ïŒ3 ã€ã®ãããžã§ã¯ãåŠç¿ã®äºäŸã玹ä»ãïŒçµç¹çç¥èåµé çè«ããåæãããæåŸã«ïŒçµç¹çç¥èåµé çè«ããããžã§ã¯ãåŠç¿ã«ãããŠãé©çšã§ããããšã«ã€ããŠïŒãŸãïŒç€ºåããããããžã§ã¯ãåŠç¿ã«ãããæå¡ã®åœ¹å²ã«ã€ããŠè°è«ãããOne form of active learning is PBL. There are two types of PBL: âproblem-based learningâ and âproject-based learning.â Although a large number of studies have been on PBL, few studies have been conducted using surveys based on academic theories. Therefore, this paper discusses âproject-based learningâ from the viewpoint of organizational knowledge creation theory. The primary objective of this study is to apply organizational knowledge creation theory in the field of âproject-based learning.â The secondary objective is to recommend teachersâ roles in âproject-based learningâ from the standpoint of organizational knowledge creation theory. The analysis includes three steps: first, a review of organizational knowledge creation theory; second, an examination of three case studies; and finally, a discussion on applying the theory to âproject-based learningâ, and suggesting teachersâ roles from this viewpoint
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ã«äœäžããæéãçãããšãæãããšãªã£ãã以äžã®çµæããïŒãšãªã¢ã³ãµã¹ãåæãšããŠãšãã«ã®ãŒå©çšããããã®ã·ã¹ãã ãæé©åããããã«ã¯ïŒæ€ç©äœãç«æ¯ããã2ïœ3æã«ååãïŒæ€ç©äœã®è¡šé¢ã«å·ãã€ããŠãã80âã§30ïœ46æéçšåºŠä¹Ÿç¥ãããããšãæãŸãããšèãããããAs a countermeasure for global warming and depletion of fossil fuel, bioenergy has become a focus of attention in the world and also in Japan especially after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Bioenergy has been required to be derived from cellulosic raw material to avoid possible competition with food production. We have been focusing on Erianthus (Saccharum spp)., a perennial C4 grass, as cellulosic raw material for bioenergy, because it shows high yield performance as well as high tolerance to environmental stresses including poor soil conditions. To make pellets from Erianthus biomass, its water content has to be 15% or less with less energy for drying from the viewpoint of Life Cycle Assessment in the whole system. In this study, we examined the time course of the water content during drying biomass harvested at different times in winter in one- and two-year Erianthus populations. We harvested Erianthus in December, January, February and March, respectively to dry. The water content of Erianthus at standing decreased gradually to reach the lowest in February through March. The less the water content at harvest, the faster the time to be less than 15% water content. The two-year Erianthus effects of four pretreatments ïŒcut into 30âcm increments, air-drying, chopped and injuryïŒ were also examined. As a result, only injury of biomass showed significant effects on drying. When harvesting in February through March was followed by injury pretreatment, it took around 30ïœ46 hours at 80 degrees to attain 15% water content, which is the recommendation from the viewpoint of energy utilization in the system
Energy Crops for Sustainable Bioethanol Production; Which, Where and How?
Bioethanol is gathering attention as a countermeasure to global warming and as an alternative energy for gasoline. Meanwhile, due to the synchronous increase in bioethanol production and grain prices, the food-fuel competition has become a public issue. It is necessary to see the issue objectively and to recognize that the real background is the change in allocation of limited resources such as farmland and water. In this review, we discuss which, where and how energy crops shouldbe grown to establish a sustainable bioethanol production system. Several combinations of crops, areas and cultivation methods are recommended as a result of a survey of the bioethanol production system with various energy crops. In tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane can be grown in agricultural and/or unused favorable lands. In other regions, cellulosic energy crops can be grown in abandoned and marginal lands, including lands contaminated with inorganic pollutant like heavy metals and some detrimental minerals. There also is the possibility that, for Japan and other Asian countries, rice can be grown as an energy crop in unused lowland paddy field. Regarding cultivation way, energy saving is beneficial for bioethanol production systems irrespective of energy efficiency. On the other hand, effective energy input should be consideredfor the systems with higher energy efficiency when available land area is limited. Exploring and developing new energy crops and varieties, which show higher biomass productivity and stress tolerances under marginal conditions, are necessary for sustainable bioethanol production because energy crop production would be restricted mostly to marginal areas in future
Distribution of 13C-photosynthates and Changes in Bleeding Rate under Waterlogged Conditions at Two Developmental Stages in Tomato Plants
Distribution Pattern of Root Nodules in Relation to Root Architecture in Two Leading Cultivars of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Japan
To effectively utilize symbiotic nitrogen fixation, we examined the formation of root nodules along with root system development in two leading peanut cultivars in Japan, Chibahandachi and Nakateyutaka. Differences in the number, size and distribution pattern of root nodules between the two cultivars are discussed in relation to their root architecture. Many root nodules are formed on the 1st-order lateral roots in the peanut. The difference between the two cultivars in the number of nodules on the 1stâorder lateral roots and the diameter of the 1st-order lateral roots at the basal part of the taproot increased during secondary thickening period. Those changes were significantly greater in Chibahandachi than in Nakateyutaka at later growth stages. Chibahandachi had fewer, but larger nodules than those in Nakateyutaka. In Nakateyutaka, a larger number of new nodules were formed on the lateral roots at the middle part of the taproot than in Chibahandachi. This suggests that in Chibahandachi nodules grow for a longer period during plant growth, and in Nakateyutaka new nodules are formed even at late stages of plant growth. In addition, there appears to be an optimal diameter of the 1st-order lateral roots for nodulation at each growth stage
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