Minocycline Modulates Human Social Decision-Making: Possible Impact of Microglia on Personality-Oriented Social Behaviors

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Microglia, one of the glial cells, play important roles in various brain pathologies including psychiatric disorders. In addition, microglia have recently been proved to monitor synaptic reactions via direct-touching even in normal brain. Human microglia may modulate various social/mental functions, while microglial social/mental roles remain unresolved especially in healthy humans. There is no known drug with the specific effect of modulating microglia. Therefore, using minocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic and the most famous microglial inhibitor, is one of the best alternative approaches to clarify microglial functions on human social/mental activities.</p> <h3>Methodology/Principal Findings</h3><p>We conducted a double-blind randomized trial of trust game, a monetary decision-making experiment, with ninety-nine human adult males who decided how much to trust an anonymous partner after a four-day administration of minocycline. Our previous pilot trial indicated a positive effect of minocycline, while the underlying mechanisms were not clarified. Therefore, in this trial with larger samples, we additionally measured the effects of anxiety and personality. The monetary score in trust game was significantly lower in the minocycline group. Interestingly, participants’ ways of decision-making were significantly shifted; cooperativeness, one component of personality, proved to be the main modulating factor of decision-making in the placebo group, on the other hand, the minocycline group was mainly modulated by state anxiety and trustworthiness.</p> <h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><p>Our results suggest that minocycline led to more situation-oriented decision-making, possibly by suppressing the effects of personality traits, and furthermore that personality and social behaviors might be modulated by microglia. Early-life events may activate human microglia, establish a certain neuro-synaptic connection, and this formation may determine each human’s personality and personality- oriented social behaviors in later life. To explore these mechanisms, further translational research is needed.</p> <h3>Trial Registration</h3><p>UMIN clinical trial center <a href="http://tinyurl.com/7yvmpxb">UMIN000004803</a></p> </div

Flow Diagram of This Study.

<p>Flow Diagram of This Study.</p

Trust Game Structure.

<p>Trust Game Structure.</p

Multiple Regression Analysis on Behavior in Trust Game.

<p>Note: *p<.05,</p>**<p>p<.01.</p><p>We performed a multiple linear regression analysis of the amount of money offered in trust game as the dependent variable, and subscales of TCI, STAI and GTS as independent variables by conditions. Remarkable effects are shown in the Table.</p

Behavior in Trust Game, and Effects of Minocycline on Personality, Anxiety and Trust.

<p>We performed t-test on the behavior (monetary score) in trust game, and the average scores are shown in the Table. The effects of minocycline on personality, anxiety and trust were evaluated with the seven subscales of TCI, the two subscales of STAI, and GTS. We performed ANOVA with a repeated measure; the scores of the subscales as the dependent variable, and drug condition (Minocycline vs. Control), repeated measure of the subscales’ scores (<i>Before</i> vs. <i>After</i> treatment) and their interaction as independent variables. As four participants (three for control, one for minocycline group) failed to complete the questions of STAI and GTS, 95 sets of data were analyzed. Significant and/or marginal effects are shown in the Table. Results were expressed as means (S.D.).</p

The ratio of monetary score given by partner’s sex and attractiveness (** p<.01).

<p>The ratio of monetary score given by partner’s sex and attractiveness (** p<.01).</p

Results of Regression Analysis (Monetary Scores as Dependent Variable).

<p>Note:</p><p>* p<.05,</p><p>** p<.01.</p><p>Eleven participants were excluded in this analysis for failing to complete the questions.</p><p>Results of Regression Analysis (Monetary Scores as Dependent Variable).</p

Trust Game Structure with the Most Extreme Cases.

<p>Trust Game Structure with the Most Extreme Cases.</p

Possible Impact of Microglia on Personality and Social Behaviors.

<p>Early-life environmental experiences such as psychological stress and traumatic events may activate human microglia, establish a certain neuro-synaptic-microglial connection, which is memorized unconsciously as a primer for an extended period, and this formation in the human brain determines each human’s personality and personality- oriented social behaviors in later life. In sum, neuronal networks with active microglia may induce noisy-decision-making, which is equivalent to personality- oriented behaviors (A). On the other hand, decision-making with neuronal dominant networks may induce straightforward behaviors, which are less affected by personality (B). In the present study, the control group’s personality- oriented behaviors could be formulated by microglial priming effects (A), and the minocycline group’s situation- oriented behaviors may be induced by suppressing microglial contribution to social behaviors (B).</p

A unique increase in prefrontal gray matter volume in hoarding disorder compared to obsessive-compulsive disorder

<div><p>Background</p><p>Hoarding disorder (HD) is a disease concept newly presented in DSM-5. As far as we know, no studies have examined the structural changes relevant to hoarding by applying the diagnostic criteria of HD in DSM-5. In the present study, we aimed to find abnormalities in gray matter (GM) structures of patients with HD.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Seventeen patients who met the DSM-5 criteria for HD, 17 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, and 17 healthy controls (HCs) participated in this study. All participants underwent MRI scanning of the brain by a 3.0-Tesla MRI scanner. In a voxel-based morphometric procedure, preprocessed GM structural images were used to compare the three groups. Thereafter we investigated the correlation between the clinical data (age of onset, symptomatic severity) and GM volume.</p><p>Results</p><p>The HD group showed a significantly increased GM volume compared to the OCD and healthy control groups (p<0.05) in both Brodmann area (BA)10 and BA11. There was no significant difference between OCD and healthy control groups. No significant correlation between the clinical data including age of onset, symptom severity score, and GM volume was observed in HD and OCD groups.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The results might help to explain the inconsistency of previous studies. As with OCD, HD is considered to have cognitive dysfunction as its basis. This result is convincing after considering the clinical features of HD and suggested that structural abnormalities in the prefrontal regions might relate to the pathophysiology of HD.</p></div