Additional file 2: Figure S2. of Sepsis induces incomplete M2 phenotype polarization in peritoneal exudate cells in mice

Time course of LPS-induced expression of M1 and M2 cytokines/chemokines in PE cells. PE cells harvested from mice at 6 h (A, C, and E) and 20 h (B, D, and F) after sham or CLP operation were cultured in the presence or absence of LPS (1 μg/ml) for 0 h, 3 h, and 6 h (n = 4 or 5 for each group). Real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression of TNF-α (A and B), IL-10 (C and D), and CCL22 (E and F). The fold changes are expressed relative to the expression levels at 0 h of sham-PE cells obtained at 6 h post-surgery. (PDF 424 kb

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Sepsis induces incomplete M2 phenotype polarization in peritoneal exudate cells in mice

SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression in PE cells after CLP. PE cells were harvested from mice at 6 h or 20 h after sham or CLP operation (n = 4 or 5 for each group). The mRNA expression levels of marker enzymes SOCS3 (A) and SOCS1 (B) were analyzed by real-time PCR. The fold changes are expressed relative to sham-PE cells harvested at 6 h post-surgery. In (C), the ratio of SOCS3/SOCS1 is shown. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. **P <0.01, *P <0.05, CLP vs. sham animals. (PDF 389 kb

Flow chart of patients included in the study.

<p>In total, 1,377 patients were enrolled from the Japan Trauma Data Bank between 2004 and 2012. Emergency resuscitative thoracotomy (ERT): 484. Closed-chest compressions (CCC): 895. Survivors for > 24 h after emergency department arrival: ERT group, 22; CCC group, 156.</p

<i>Cha</i>-<i>Koji</i>, comprising green tea leaves fermented with <i>Aspergillus luchuensis var kawachii kitahara</i>, increases regulatory T cell production in mice and humans

<p>Green tea leaves fermented with <i>Aspergillus luchuensis var kawachii kitahara</i> (<i>Cha</i>-<i>Koji</i>) are a health food containing live <i>A. luchuensis</i>. In this study, we examined the effects of <i>Cha</i>-<i>Koji</i> on the immune system and the enteric environment. First, we designed a clinical trial; after ingesting <i>Cha</i>-<i>Koji</i> daily for 28 days, blood parameters and the fecal composition of the participants were analyzed. Similarly, mice were administered (oral administration) with <i>Cha</i>-<i>Koji</i> suspension or its vehicle for 14 days. Thereafter, both humans and mice were examined by analyzing their immune cell phenotypes and intestinal microbiota. Regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers were significantly increased after administering <i>Cha</i>-<i>Koji</i>. An increase of <i>Clostridium</i> subcluster XIVa, that were known to be rich in butyrate-producing bacterium, was observed in human feces, but not in mice. These results suggest that <i>Cha</i>-<i>Koji</i> has the ability to increase Treg production in both humans and mice, irrespective of the presence of enteric butyrate.</p> <p>“<i>Cha</i>-<i>Koji</i>” increases regulatory T cells in mice and humans.</p

Sensitivity analysis: Relationship between lymphopenia and acute brain injury and mortality of patients without cancer or diabetes, HIV, and steroid use.

<p><b>(A)</b> There was not a statistically significant relationship between lymphocyte count and acute brain injury as measured with delirium-free and coma-free days (DCFDs; p = 0.18). DCFDs refer to the number of days patients were alive and free of both delirium and coma in the first 30 days. (<b>B)</b> The hazard ratio between lymphopenia and 30-day mortality was not statistically significant (p = 0.25). The unit of lymphocyte count is 10³/μL blood. DCFDs refer to the number of days patients were alive and free of both delirium and coma in the first 30 days.</p

Baseline characteristics of Vanderbilt BRAIN patients.

<p>Continuous variables presented as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables presented as percent.</p><p>Baseline characteristics of Vanderbilt BRAIN patients.</p

Main analysis: Relationships between lymphopenia and acute brain injury and mortality.

<p><b>(A)</b> There was not a statistically significant relationship between lymphopenia and acute brain injury as measured by delirium-free and coma-free days (DCFDs; p = 0.17). DCFDs refer to the number of days patients were alive and free of both delirium and coma in the first 30 days. The unit of lymphocyte count is 10³/μL blood. (<b>B)</b> Likewise, the hazard ratio between lymphopenia and 30-day mortality was not statistically significant (p = 0.71). The unit of lymphocyte count is 10³/μL blood.</p

Additional file 1: of The Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2016 (J-SSCG 2016)

Financial and academic COIs and roles of committee members. (XLSX 30 kb