Middle Power Measurement in Semi-tethered Swimming using Ergometer Attachment

The purposes of this study weie to measure middle power, energy which had been supplied mainly from the lactic acid system, during swimming using an ergometer attachment and to evaluate swimming performance by this middle power To perform these purposes, a middle power measurement test in semi-tethered swimming (STS33) using an ergometer attachment was developed In STS33, the load of the ergometer attachment was set to 7.0kg and the power measurement interval was set at 5.0 seconds The subject was instructed to swim at full strength for 33.0 seconds Power measurements using the ergometer attachment were taken 3 times during the 33.0 seconds at the end of 10s, 20s and 30s respectively The first measurement (1st measured phase) was taken between 5 and 10 seconds from the start of the swim The second measurement (2nd measured phase) was taken between 15 and 20 seconds of the swim, and the third measuiement (3rd measured phase) was taken between 25 and 30 seconds from the start of the swim by the present investigators As in preliminary experiments, the exercise intensity of the STS33 was measured as the average blood lactate concentration produced by the work rate After each STS33, a blood sample was taken by a licensed nurse under supervision of a medical doctor Subjects were 5 junior elite swimmers designated to tram by the N prefecture Swim Association The group mean post exercise blood lactate concentration was 10 5mM/l These concentration of blood lactate was greater than the OBLA measurement of 4mM for lactate accumulation developing in the middle phase of a swim trial This result led to the conclusion that the STS33 test could be used to evaluate the middle power In a main experiment, 21 male elite junior swimmers were measured Middle power in swimming in each subject was measured by the above-mentioned STS33 and the relationship between the group mean middle power and group mean total swim time was analyzed The relationship between the average power (P watt) of the 3 measured phases in STS33 and swimming velocity (V m/sec) in 50m event was P =-134.53 + 87.02 V (r = 0.880, p≦0.001) The relationship between the average power (P) of the 3 phases in STS33 and swimming velocity (V) in 100m event was given by P = - 191.95 + 128.92 V ( r=0 940, p≦O.001) From these results, the middle power in STS33 is appropriate for evaluating swimming performances in 50m and 100m event

Psychometric properties of the controlling coach behaviors scale for Japanese athletes

Two studies examined the validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale (CCBS). The CCBS is a multidimensional self-report measure designed to evaluate sports coaches’ controlling interpersonal style from the perspective of self-determination theory (SDT). It comprises 15 items measuring the controlling use of rewards, negative conditional regard, intimidation, and excessive personal control on a seven-point Likert scale. The study 1 sample comprised 526 university student-athletes (Mage = 19.59 years, SD = ±0.94, 364 females) who completed the Japanese CCBS, which was developed through back-translation. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the tenability of the hypothesized factor structure of the Japanese CCBS (CFI=.927; NNFI=.909; RMSEA=.079). Moreover, the results supported the invariance of the scale across sex, sport types, and competitive levels. The subscale internal consistency and discriminant validity scores were all acceptable. Test-retest reliability evidence was obtained in Study 2 (N=108), suggesting a positive and significant intraclass correlation between the pre-test and the post-test CCBS (ICC range: .65–.87). These findings support the Japanese CCBS as a valid and reliable measure for use in research which will enhance our understanding of coaches’ controlling interpersonal styles in sports

A Study of Sport Involvement : From the Viewpoint of Effect toward Sport Participation in College Students

The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationships among the primary involvement in sport in the past, the value consciousness for sport and the sport participation at present. In order to determine these assignments, three handred and eighty-five male and female college studnts, were administered by questionnaire. The main results were as follows： 1. Those who liked physical education participate more in sport than those who did not. 2. Those who were involved in sport in the past are more likely to participate in sport now. 3. They found sport values in building up physical strength, becoming healthy, being fin, improving skill, and nurturing force of mind. 4. Pleasant experiences in the past are important to the sport participattioｎ. 5. Good memories in the past they had had are’t akways related to the sport participation atpresent

スポーツ活動における心理社会的効果の日常生活への般化

A number of studies have been conducted on the psychosocial effects of sport and health activities. The research, however, has focused exclusively on the direct effects derived from doing sports, and it has not been clarified whether the benefits extend beyond sports activities to everyday life and other situations. This paper summarized one part of the authors’ project study on the generalization to daily life of the psychosocial effects of sport activities. The specific questions to be examined were as follows: 1) What kind of psychosocial effects are derived from sports activities ? 2) What factors influence these effects ? 3) Are the effects of sports activities generalized to everyday life situations ? 4) What factors promote generalization? 5) Is it possible for sports activities to generate benefits and generalization simultaneously ? Data was collected on various subjects (elementary, junior high, and high school students, and middle-aged and older adults), and quantitative, qualitative, and longitudinal methods were employed for the analysis. In general, the results showed that the psychosocial effects of sport and health activities were generalized to daily life situations. The research findings for each study will be published as a research paper by the authors in the future