Coherent optical code division multiple access (CDMA) network employing CW semiconductor lasers

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Screening of Fermentation Starters for Organic Fertilizer Composted from Chicken Manure

In order to find fermentation starters that can promote rapid and effective composting of chicken manure, shorten the fermentation period, and improve the compost quality, fermentation starters with different microbial combination ratios (C1, C2, C3, C4 and C5) were designed and fermentation experiment was carried out on these five fermentation starters, commercially available organic fertilizer starter (SS), and chicken manure without inoculating fermentation starter. In the process of the fermentation, the changes in the fermentation temperature, water content and pH value were monitored; the effects of organic manure on the germination rate and growth of rapeseed seeds were measured; viable count, water content, and pH value of prepared fermentation starters were measured; main indicators (organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) of organic fertilizer generated from fermentation were measured. From the indicators, the formula C3 and C4 were better, in the beginning of fermentation, the temperature rose rapidly, and it reached 40 ℃ in the second day; the water content dropped to below 35% in the 18th day; the pH value underwent the process of declining – rising – stable, and the overall value showed slight rise, but the change was not great (0-0.5). C3 and C4 fermentation products had better effects on the germination and growth of rapeseeds. The germination rate of the rapeseed seeds was 100% and 97.5% and the bud length was 15.94 mm and 14.57 mm, respectively, and the root length was 45.97 mm and 39.44 mm, respectively. The content of organic matter in fermented organic manure was 86.62% and 85.17% respectively, and the total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 8.85% and 8.22% respectively, and the pH was 7.5 and 8.0 respectively. All of these complied with the industry standard NY525-2012 (organic matter ≥ 45%, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ≥ 5%, pH 5.5-8.5). The fermentation of fresh chicken manure was completed within 20 days, conforming to the requirements of large-scale organic fertilizer production factory for composting chicken manure into organic fertilizer

High sensitive materials in medical holographic microscopy

High sensitivity is defined in relation to the energy required to perform holographic recording. High sensitivity in silver halide materials is their main advantage over other similarly high resolving power holographic recording materials. This work reports progress on the development of silver halide based 'true colour holographic imaging', under a microscope. A thin layer of ultrafine grains of silver halide crystals of around 10 nm average diameter, dispersed in a colloid and coated on a substrate is used as the recording media. The significance of this method so far, is in its ability to produce 'true colour' three-dimensional images of specimen. The recordings have an appreciable depth, permitting the observer to scan through the image under a microscope, as one might with a real specimen sample. Current methods could perform ' True colour holographic imaging' directly under a microscope. The recording methodology has the potential for deeper complex and scattering media imaging, using very small pulses of appropriate laser wavelengths. The methodology, using novel nanosize panchromatic recording media consisting of dispersed fine nano grain crystals, could potentially revolutionise related medical imaging techniques. Future development of digital media will allow it to be utilized in this manner

Comparative study of the accuracy of the PSM and Kogelnik models of diffraction in reflection and transmission holographic gratings

Calculated diffractive efficiencies in the visible spectral band from lossless planar holographic gratings are studied using the PSM and Kogelnik models of diffraction for the case of the σ-polarization. The results are numerically compared with rigorous coupled wave calculations over a wide parameter space covering both transmission and reflection geometries. For most reflection gratings, the PSM model is shown to consistently provide a marginally superior estimation of the diffractive efficiency. This is particularly evident in a clearly superior description of the diffractive sideband structure for most gratings, both in terms of angle and wavelength. For the transmission grating, the PSM model continues to provide a relatively good description of diffraction at low permittivity modulations and lower incidence angles with respect to the grating plane normal. However, overall Kogelnik’s theory is shown to provide a somewhat superior estimation of diffractive efficiency and a clearly superior description of the diffractive side-band structure in the transmission case

Single-cell transcriptome analysis indicates fatty acid metabolism-mediated metastasis and immunosuppression in male breast cancer

Abstract Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare but aggressive malignancy with cellular and immunological characteristics that remain unclear. Here, we perform transcriptomic analysis for 111,038 single cells from tumor tissues of six MBC and thirteen female breast cancer (FBC) patients. We find that that MBC has significantly lower infiltration of T cells relative to FBC. Metastasis-related programs are more active in cancer cells from MBC. The activated fatty acid metabolism involved with FASN is related to cancer cell metastasis and low immune infiltration of MBC. T cells in MBC show activation of p38 MAPK and lipid oxidation pathways, indicating a dysfunctional state. In contrast, T cells in FBC exhibit higher expression of cytotoxic markers and immune activation pathways mediated by immune-modulatory cytokines. Moreover, we identify the inhibitory interactions between cancer cells and T cells in MBC. Our study provides important information for understanding the tumor immunology and metabolism of MBC