Overview of Legal Systems in the Asia-Pacific Region: People\u27s Republic of China

This article provides a general description of the legal system of the People\u27s Republic of China. It further discusses aspects of legal education and legal practice in that country

Overview of Legal Systems in the Asia-Pacific Region: People\u27s Republic of China

This article provides a general description of the legal system of the People\u27s Republic of China. It further discusses aspects of legal education and legal practice in that country

Paternal exposure to medical-related radiation associated with low birthweight infants: A large population-based, retrospective cohort study in rural China

Low birthweight (LBW) is closely associated with fetal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. We identified the risk factors of LBW and geographical differences in LBW incidence in 30 Chinese provinces in the present study.This study was a population-based, retrospective cohort study performed in 30 Chinese provinces. We used data from the free National Pre-pregnancy Checkups Project, which is a countrywide population-based retrospective cohort study. To identify regional differences in LBW incidence, we used the Qinling-Huaihe climate line to divide China into northern and southern sections and the Heihe-Tengchong economic line to divide it into eastern and western sections. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis with SAS 9.4 was used for data analysis. P \u3c .05 was considered statistically significant. LBW incidence was 4.54% in rural China. Southern China had a significantly higher incidence (4.65%) than northern China (4.28%). Our main risk factor for LBW is paternal exposure to radiation (odds ratio = 1.537), which has never been studied before.This study identifies multiple risk factors of couples giving birth to LBW babies including paternal risk factors

Both maternal and paternal risk factors for term singleton low birthweight infants in rural Chinese population: a population-based, retrospective cohort study

No large population-based study has focused on both maternal paternal risk factors for low birthweight (LBW) in China. We aimed to identify parental risk factors associated with LBW. A population-based, retrospective cohort study was conducted on 202,725 singleton infants at 37-42 weeks. These term singleton newborns were classified as LBW with birthweight \u3c /=2500 g(TLBW) and normal birthweight between 50(th) to 97(th) percentile (TNBW 50(th)-97(th)) according to Chinese singleton norms. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to find those parental risk factors of LBW by comparing two groups. TLBW and TNBW(50(th)-97(th)) occupied 4.8% and 70.8% of the study population, respectively. Logistic regression showed a significant association with positive maternal hepatitis B surface antigen (RR = 1.979, P = 0.047), irregular folic acid intake (RR = 1.152, P = 0.003), paternal history of varicocele (RR = 2.404, P = 0.003) and female babies (RR = 1.072, P = 0.046). Maternal smoking, hypertension and history of stillbirth were found related to LBW but no statistically significant. Positive maternal hepatitis B surface antigen, irregular folic acid intake, paternal history of varicocele had a negative effect on birth weight. Measures are necessarily taken to avoid them to improve pregnancy outcomes. Further studies should be done to investigate each detailed risk factors on LBW

An Exploratory Research on Online Music Piracy and Consumer Behavior

This paper explores consumer behaviour associated with the possibility of online music piracy. A research model has been systematically developed to examine a number of variables in relation to consumer attitudes towards online music piracy. The model has also been tested using empirical data collected from individual consumers. The results show that music content, Internet skill, convenience and potential penalty are major factors of individual attitudes towards online music piracy. In addition, these factors together with subjective norms have significant impacts on individual intentions to obtain music products through unjustified online channels. The findings have practical implications for managing online digital music products and services

Internet-based e-Media and Consumer Attitudes: An empirical Research

This paper empirically explores the attributes associated with Internet-based e-media using the survey data collected from the consumers in Hong Kong. It has been found that perceived convenience, user-friendly interface, contents, efficiency and image significantly influence perceived usefulness of Internet-based e-media. In addition, self-efficacy and design characteristics are positively associated with perceived ease of use of Internet-based e-media. Moreover, these attributes together with subjective norms considerably explain consumer attitudes and intentions to use Internet-based e-media. The findings have practically useful implications for managing Internet-based e-media and developing new media in different contexts

Consumer Trust in Internet-based Airline Reservations

This paper explores consumer trust in Internet-based airline reservations using the data collected from individual consumers in Hong Kong. The empirical analysis shows that such attributes as perceived usefulness, ease of use, reputation, privacy, security and responsibility significantly influence consumer attitudes towards online airline reservation services. In addition, consumer attitudes are related to integrity, benevolence and ability, which in turn affect consumer trusting intentions to use online airline reservations. The research results in practically useful implications for improving Internet-based airline reservation services

Modeling and Analysis of a Trace Referenced to a Meshed Ground Plane

Meshed planes are used in today\u27s flexible PCB designs, and due to their non-homogeneous nature, Modeling of nearby interconnects increases in complexity. in this paper, a method to evaluate the effective characteristic impedance of a trace referenced to a meshed plane is proposed that is simpler and optimization based. the effective impedance and the per-unit-length parameters of the line were associated with the meshed plane periodical patterns as well as trace relative locations. a systematic study was performed to reveal the essential relationship between the meshed plane geometric parameters and the trace characteristics. © 2011 IEEE

On the Origin of Logarithmic-Normal Distributions: An Analytical Derivation, and its Application to Nucleation and Growth Processes

The logarithmic-normal (lognormal) distribution is one of the most frequently observed distributions in nature and describes a large number of physical, biological and even sociological phenomena. The origin of this distribution is therefore of broad interest but a general derivation from basic principles is still lacking. Using random nucleation and growth to describe crystallization processes we derive the time development of grain size distributions. Our derivation provides, for the first time, an analytical expression of the size distribution in the form of a lognormal type distribution. We apply our results to the grain size distribution of solid phase crystallized Si-films.Comment: four pages, one figur