New Heterocyclic Syntheses from Pyridinethiones: an Efficient Route for the Syntheses of Some Novel Azo Derivatives of Thieno[2,3-b]pyridine as Potential Anti-bacterial and Anti-cancer Agents

Derivatives of a heterocyclic system 3-(pyrrol-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine 5 and 6 carrying various substituents in the position 2 were synthesized. Some of these products were used to build up a variety of nitrogen- and/or oxygen-containing heterocyclic rings in that position. The electronic configurations of selected products were investigated using the AM1 semi-emperical molecular orbital method. Considerable variations in the magnitude and oriention of the dipole moment were observed. Further, the relative stability of the structures was investigated at physiological conditions via calculation of the electrostaticcomponent of the solvation free energy. The synthesized series showed favourable solvation free energies which were within the range from –30 to –23 kcal/mol.The high polarity and favourable solvation free energychanges at physiological conditions suggest that substitutionin the position 2 could enhance the biological activity of the 3-(pyrrol-1-yl)thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives

Effect of Short-Term High Fat Diet Inducing Obesity on Hematological, Some Biochemical Parameters and Testicular Oxidative Stress in Male Rats

Obesity constitutes a health problem due to its increasing worldwide prevalence. Among the health detriments caused by obesity, reproduction is disrupted. Some studies have shown a relationship between obesity and infertility, but until now it remains controversial. The objective of the current work was to examine the effect of diet-induced obesity on blood parameters, liver and kidney function tests, lipid profile and testicular oxidative stress. For that purpose, Male rats were fed ad libitum with a standard diet (control group; n.= 15) and high fat diet (HFD group; n.= 15) for 6 weeks. Hematological parameters, urea, creatinine, albumin were similar between the two groups. Intergroup testosterone levels were also comparable. The high fat diet induced significant increase in serum triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. This diet also increases significantly alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and decreased total protein level and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. Furthermore, HFD showed a significant increasing in malondialdehyde contents in testes and decreasing in superoxide dismutase activity, the results of this study concluded that short-term high fat diet affect on liver enzymes and causing oxidative stress in testes

Effect of Unfolding on the Spectral Statistics of Adjacency Matrices of Complex Networks

Random matrix theory is finding an increasing number of applications in the context of information theory and communication systems, especially in studying the properties of complex networks. Such properties include short-term and long-term correlation. We study the spectral fluctuations of the adjacency of networks using random-matrix theory. We consider the influence of the spectral unfolding, which is a necessary procedure to remove the secular properties of the spectrum, on different spectral statistics. We find that, while the spacing distribution of the eigenvalues shows little sensitivity to the unfolding method used, the spectral rigidity has greater sensitivity to unfolding.Comment: Complex Adaptive Systems Conference 201

Analysis of the subthreshold CMOS logic inverter

AbstractThere is no doubt that operating the MOSFET transistor in the subthreshold region, where the power-supply voltage is less than the threshold voltage, has an increasing importance due to the reduced power consumption. In this paper, the analysis of the CMOS logic inverter in the subthreshold region is addressed quantitatively with the static and dynamic characteristics investigated and compared with that operating in the superthreshold region. Specifically, compact-form equations are derived for the output-low voltage, output-high voltage, maximum-input voltage at logic “0,” minimum-input voltage at logic “1,” and threshold voltage of the inverter. Also, the static-power consumption and dynamic-power consumption are investigated and equations are derived for them. Compact-form expressions are derived for the low-to-high and the high-to-low propagation delays along with the fan-out. Qualitative discussions are also provided. The results of the quantitative analysis are verified by comparison with the simulation results adopting the 65nm CMOS technology

Bridging Defects in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Using Peripheral Nerve Grafts: From Basic Science to Clinical Experience

Nerve grafting of the injured spinal cord should pursue a sixfold attack: lysing the fibrosis/gliosis to an extent that allows settling of the basal lamina preventing meanwhile collapse of the neural tissue matrix; supplying the tissue matrix with a suitable scaffold, on which the basal lamina can settle; basal lamina synthesis; seeding the basal lamina with cell adhesion molecules; providing the axonal growth cone with neurite outgrowth promoting factors that allow its distal progression; supplying the axonal growth cone with neurotrophic factors that power its continued growth. In addition to this, the intrinsic properties of the neurons should be stimulated, possibly through modulating the function of astrocytes by heparin, aspirin and other factors. Nerve side grafting of the cord increases the incidence of nerve regeneration by applying additional grafts extending from the side of the donor end of the cord to the side of the recipient end. Also, it allows the surgeon to enhance regeneration through a partially regenerated cord. During surgery, after establishment of CSF circulation, a long-lasting indwelling catheter has to be inserted for postoperative drug and cell delivery. This allows for continual lysis of the gliosis by chondroitinase ABC, sialidase and other factors