Analyse the risks of ad hoc programming in web development and develop a metrics of appropriate tools

Today the World Wide Web has become one of the most powerful tools for business promotion and social networking. As the use of websites and web applications to promote the businesses has increased drastically over the past few years, the complexity of managing them and protecting them from security threats has become a complicated task for the organizations. On the other hand, most of the web projects are at risk and less secure due to lack of quality programming. Although there are plenty of frameworks available for free in the market to improve the quality of programming, most of the programmers use ad hoc programming rather than using frameworks which could save their time and repeated work. The research identifies the different frameworks in PHP and .NET programming, and evaluates their benefits and drawbacks in the web application development. The research aims to help web development companies to minimize the risks involved in developing large web projects and develop a metrics of appropriate frameworks to be used for the specific projects. The study examined the way web applications were developed in different software companies and the advantages of using frameworks while developing them. The findings of the results show that it was not only the experience of developers that motivated them to use frameworks. The major conclusions and recommendations drawn from this research were that the main reasons behind web developers avoiding frameworks are that they are difficult to learn and implement. Also, the motivations factors for programmers towards using frameworks were self-efficiency, habit of learning new things and awareness about the benefits of frameworks. The research recommended companies to use appropriate frameworks to protect their projects against security threats like SQL injection and RSS injectio

Optimisation of routing protocols for Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) to achieve higher quality of service for real time applications

The existing routing protocols for WMNs (Wireless Mesh Networks) are extensions of protocols originally designed for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) and perform sub-optimally for the mesh connectivity of WMNs which degrades their performance in terms of increased latency in packet delivery, packet drops and decreased network throughput. The proposed research, currently at its inception, would investigate into capacity and limitations of current WMN routing protocols with respect to wireless technologies, platforms and relevant standards in context of routing requirements of identified real-time applications, namely, the disaster management and tele-health applications. The research would optimise the existing routing protocols for WMNs for the proposed applications to achieve higher quality of service, reliability and security of data access to meet their specialist requirements. Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) are increasingly being incorporated in disaster management solutions for access to information of disaster situation to improve effectiveness of rescue services. Currently, the routing requirements of disaster solution using WMN has been researched in context of active research project, “iSurvival- Mobile Mesh Networks for Disaster Management” , which utilises specialist applications on smart phones of end-users in the disaster area to establish WMNs using available heterogeneous wireless technologies from 3G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and others. These WMNs provide resilient and reconfigurable digital infrastructures, with users’ smart phones acting as routers in the connected mesh networks to facilitate routing and forwarding of information in the disaster are

Evaluation study of IEEE 1609.4 performance for safety and non-safety messages dissemination

The IEEE 1609.4 was developed to support multi-channel operation and channel switching procedure in order to provide both safety and non-safety vehicular applications. However, this protocol has some drawback because it does not make efficient usage of channel bandwidth resources for single radio WAVE devices and suffer from high bounded delay and lost packet especially for large-scale networks in terms of the number of active nodes. This paper evaluates IEEE 1609.4 multi-channel protocol performance for safety and non-safety application and compare it with the IEEE 802.11p single channel protocol. Multi-channel and single channel protocols are analyzed in different environments to investigate their performance. By relying on a realistic dataset and using OMNeT++ simulation tool as network simulator, SUMO as traffic simulator and coupling them by employing Veins framework. Performance evaluation results show that the delay of single channel protocol IEEE 802.11p has been degraded 36% compared with multi-channel protocol

Indebtedness and Poverty: The Case of Pakistan

Since the advent of Neolibralism, debt has been construed as means of policy reforms to achieve stability, liberalisation and recovery from shocks. However, the other side of the picture has been either ignored or underappreciated. That is the human cost of indebtedness. Whether internal or external, indebtedness may have significant implications for the living conditions of the masses, as it leads to substantial deviation of resources towards debt management. This paper attempts to assess the impact of indebtedness on poverty for Pakistan. The impact of total, internal and external debt on poverty has been evaluated separately. Using the data from 1973 to 2013, Johansen Co-nintegration test reveals long run relationship between debt and poverty. The results remain consistent when domestic and external debt is taken separately. The long run impact of total, internal and external debt on poverty is positive. Which means that for Pakistan debt leads to increase in poverty. Further, it is evident that domestic debt has more severe poverty implications as compared to external debt. These results have two important policy implications; firstly, the overall levels of debt have to be reduced and secondly, the issue of domestic debt reduction takes priority. JEL Classification: I30, I38, F34, H36 Keywords: External Debt, Domestic Debt, Poverty, Johanson Cointegratio

Method and process for routing and node addressing in wireless mesh networks

The algorithm proposed in this patent enables any node in a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) to have knowledge of all intermediate nodes, in all the possible-routes towards the destination node. The algorithm uses a novel recursive algorithm to accumulate knowledge beyond the neighbouring nodes, as well as the sequence of all the intermediate nodes used to form these routes. Prime numbers are used in the address of the host portion of the WMN node IP address to identify the optimum route

Sub 1GHz M2M communications standardization: The advancement in white space utilization for enhancing the energy efficiency

Energy efficiency of machine to machine (M2M) communications terminals is one of the major design goals of M2M networks, resulting from anticipated over 50 billion M2M communications devices to be deployed into the networks by 2020 [1]. The stakeholders in the M2M communications have observed that it will be environmental and economic catastrophic to deploy M2M communications devices without solving the energy inefficiencies associated with wireless devices that are expected to be used for M2M communications. In view of the aforementioned energy challenge, sub 1GHz spectra have provided enormous opportunities that can be energy efficient, cost effective and coverage efficiency which can be utilized for M2M communications. This work will evaluate the energy efficiency benefits of optimized Sub 1GHz spectra for M2M communications

A predefined channel coefficients library for vehicle-to-vehicle communications

It is noticeable that most of VANETs communications tests are assessed through simulation. In a majority of simulation results, the physical layer is often affected by an apparent lack of realism. Therefore, vehicular channel model has become a critical issue in the field of intelligent transport systems (ITS). To overcome the lack of realism problem, a more robust channel model is needed to reflect the reality. This paper provides an open access, predefined channel coefficients library. The library is based on 2x2 and 4x4 Multiple – Input – Multiple – Output (MIMO) systems in V2V communications, using a spatial channel model extended SCME which will help to reduce the overall simulation time. In addition, it provides a more realistic channel model for V2V communications; considering: over ranges of speeds, distances, multipath signals, sub-path signals, different angle of arrivals, different angle departures, no line of sight and line of sight. An intensive evaluation process has taken place to validate the library and acceptance results are produced. Having an open access predefined library, enables the researcher at relevant communities to test and evaluate several complicated vehicular communications scenarios in a wider manners with less time and efforts

Ship Trim Optimization: Assessment of Influence of Trim on Resistance of MOERI Container Ship

Environmental issues and rising fuel prices necessitate better energy efficiency in all sectors. Shipping industry is a stakeholder in environmental issues. Shipping industry is responsible for approximately 3% of global CO2 emissions, 14-15% of global NOX emissions, and 16% of global SOX emissions. Ship trim optimization has gained enormous momentum in recent years being an effective operational measure for better energy efficiency to reduce emissions. Ship trim optimization analysis has traditionally been done through tow-tank testing for a specific hullform. Computational techniques are increasingly popular in ship hydrodynamics applications. The purpose of this study is to present MOERI container ship (KCS) hull trim optimization by employing computational methods. KCS hull total resistances and trim and sinkage computed values, in even keel condition, are compared with experimental values and found in reasonable agreement. The agreement validates that mesh, boundary conditions, and solution techniques are correct. The same mesh, boundary conditions, and solution techniques are used to obtain resistance values in different trim conditions at Fn = 0.2274. Based on attained results, optimum trim is suggested. This research serves as foundation for employing computational techniques for ship trim optimization

Tourism Trade Balance and Globalization: Investigating Heterogeneities Across Income Groups

This study investigated the relationship between the tourism trade balance and globalization. We developed a novel and encompassing approach to measuring the tourism trade balance, including several inflows and outflows. The responsiveness of the tourism trade balance is examined not only for globalization processes depicted by indicators like de facto economic, social, and political globalization but also for globalization policies, i.e., de jure globalization. A comparative analysis across countries - belonging to different income groups, different quartiles of the tourism trade, globalization, and economic growth - revealed considerable heterogeneities among the other grouping of countries for the tourism-globalization relationship. The study suggested that it is of utmost importance to recognize that countries with a high level of globalization and well-developed tourism industry are in a better position to materialize the benefits of globalization

Foreign Capital Flows and Human Development in Developing Countries: Does Institutional Quality Matter?

The impact of foreign capital on human development has been at best ambiguous, while that of institutions is undoubtedly favorable. That said, the way foreign capital relates to human development may be affected by the quality of institutions. This paper assesses this very phenomenon in 65 developing countries over the time period 1984-2014. In this regard, this study incorporates three indicators of human development namely, per capita income (PCI), Secondary School Enrollment (SSE) and Life Expectancy (LE). Using two step system GMM estimation technique, we found that the impact of foreign capital varies with respect to the indicators of human development and the type of foreign capital being studied. Both FDI and FPI negatively affect per capita income and secondary school enrollment, while, remittances affect all the indicators of human development positively, except for life expectancy. The interaction between institutions and each type of foreign capital flow exerts a positive influence on all indicators of human development. However, this positive interaction fails to completely eliminate the adverse influence of the capital flows, which reflects inadequacy of existing institutional quality in developing countries and the need for institutional reforms