Theory and reality of organic soil fertility - organic matter

This report was presented at the UK Organic Research 2002 Conference. Results are reported suggesting no significant difference between the level of soil organic matter on established organic farms in Southern England and paired conventionally managed farms. We discuss the possible reasons for this and also examine why the literature on this subject is frequently contradictory

The Summer Flounder, Scup, and Black Sea Bass Fishery of the Middle Atlantic Bight and Southern New England Waters

Summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, scup, Stenotomus chrysops, and black sea bass, Centropristis striata, cooccur within the Middle Atlantic Bight and off southern New England and are important components of commercial and recreational fisheries. The commercial otter trawl fishery for these species is primarily a winter fishery, whereas the recreational fishery takes place between late spring and autumn. The otter trawl fishery generally targets summer flounder, and less frequently scup, while black sea bass occurs as bycatch. Trips in which all three species were present yielded highest aggregate landings per unit of effort (LPUE) levels and occurred more often than trips landing only one or two species. More than 50% of the trips in the trawl fishery landed at least two of the three species. In contrast, greater than 75% of the recreational landings of each species occurred as a result of trips landing only one species. Differences in the fisheries resulted from the interactions of seasonal changes in species distributions and gear selectivity. (PDF file contains 18 pages.

Tools for managing manure nutrients

Manures are a valuable source of nutrients (and organic matter), and can be seen as a method of transferring nutrients around the farm (for homeproduced manures) or as a method of importing fertility (imported manures or composts). Good manure management offers a ‘win-win’ opportunity: benefits to soil fertility and benefits to the environment (less pollution). This paper describes two tools for manure nutrient planning: the use of look-up tables to assess nutrient content, and the development of a Decision Support Tool for describing nutrient transformations during manure management

Assessing soil structure in organically farmed soils

This report was presented at the UK Organic Research 2002 Conference. Soil structure was assessed in over 90 fields (organic and conventionally farmed) covering mixed, stockless and pasture farming systems. A combination of spade and an objective scoring system based on the degree of aggregation and porosity was able to detect differences between fields. On average, in the fields sampled, topsoil structure was slightly better on the organic farms though, even on the conventional fields, structure was unlikely to limit crop growth

Understanding soil nitrogen supply: organic matter quality and quantity

The soil organic matter (SOM) contents of organic and conventionally farmed soils were compared. Whilst the quantity of SOM was found to be similar with both systems, the quality of SOM differed in respect of higher amounts of N released by the organic soils under anaerobic incubation. This indicated a greater potential rate of mineralization and suggested that the inherent fertility of the organic soils had been improve

Barriers to cervical screening participation in high-risk women

Aim Women aged 25–35 years, for whom cervical cancer is most problematic, are least likely to participate in the cervical screening programme. Therefore, identifying barriers to screening participation in this high-risk group is essential. Subject and methods A sample of 430 women completed an electronic survey of their cervical screening history and answered questions on sociodemographic, behavioural, attitudinal and informational barriers to cervical screening uptake. Logistic regression was used to predict cervical screening non attendance. Results Women with more than 10 sexual partners in their lifetime were more likely, but women from ethnic minorities, less likely to participate in the cervical screening programme. Women unaware of the recommended screening interval were also less likely to be screened, as were women who believed that screening is a test for cancer. Screening was also less likely among women who endorsed the belief that screening in the absence of symptoms is unnecessary. Conclusion These data highlight poor knowledge of the recommended screening interval and purpose of cervical cancer screening in this high-risk group. As such, interventions that target these informational barriers might be most effective for increasing cervical screening uptake in this high-risk group

Managing Manure on Organic Farms

The booklet provides information on typical nutrient contents of livestock manures – from organic and ‘conventional’ sources; describes the availability of manure nutrients to the growing crop; outlines best management practices to optimise manure nutrient supply and outlines best management practices to optimise manure nutrient supply. It draws on scientific research undertaken in the 1990, much of it in the UK, and most of it funded by DEFRA

NHS Direct: managing demand for primary care?

This paper considers how NHS Direct is affecting demand for primary care in particular out-of-hours services from GPs. This is reviewed through a 3-year study of NHS Direct and HARMONI, the integrated telephone health helpline based in West London. It describes the policy background and development of the services on the site, and some of the outcomes of the HARMONI commissioned research to answer the question Has NHS Direct increased the workload for HARMONI doctors?. The research adopted both a qualitative and quantitative approach using cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the data collected. The analysis of the data reveals the issues as both complex and dynamic in nature. The research shows that while there has been no significant change to the total volume of activity, changes within patient groups notably the elderly and children, and in individual GP practices may be significant. In addition, the changes in organizational arrangements may influence significant changes in referral patterns such as GP out-of-hours visits. This was confirmed in the interview data indicating a link between the change in nurses' role from gatekeeper to patient advocate, which happened when they ceased to be employees of the part-time co-op and began to work instead for the 24 hours, 7 days a week NHS Direct service. The conclusions drawn are that behavioural and organizational changes are at least as significant as the evidence-based computerized decision support software in changing the demand for primary care. Further evidence cited is that a different demand pattern of calls was experienced by those local GPs not integrated into out-of-hours provision at NHS Direct West London at the time of the study. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Structural trends in clusters of quadrupolar spheres

The influence of quadrupolar interactions on the structure of small clusters is investigated by adding a point quadrupole of variable strength to the Lennard-Jones potential. Competition arises between sheet-like arrangements of the particles, favoured by the quadrupoles, and compact structures, favoured by the isotropic Lennard-Jones attraction. Putative global potential energy minima are obtained for clusters of up to 25 particles using the basin-hopping algorithm. A number of structural motifs and growth sequences emerge, including star-like structures, tubes, shells and sheets. The results are discussed in the context of colloidal self-assembly.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure