6,425 research outputs found
Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health of Ilhas Selvagens, Portugal
In September 2015, National Geographic's Pristine Seas project, in conjunction with the Instituto Universitário-Portugal, The Waitt Institute, the University of Western Australia, and partners conducted a comprehensive assessment of the rarely surveyed Ilhas Selvagens to explore the marine environment, especially the poorly understood deep sea and open ocean areas, and quantify the biodiversity of the nearshore marine environment
Dynamic Spin Response for Heisenberg Ladders
We employ the recently proposed plaquette basis to investigate static and
dynamic properties of isotropic 2-leg Heisenberg spin ladders. Simple
non-interacting multi-plaquette states provide a remarkably accurate picture of
the energy/site and dynamic spin response of these systems. Insights afforded
by this simple picture suggest a very efficient truncation scheme for more
precise calculations. When the small truncation errors are accounted for using
recently developed Contractor Renormalization techniques, very accurate results
requiring a small fraction of the computational effort of exact calculations
are obtained. These methods allow us to determine the energy/site, gap, and
spin response of 2x16 ladders. The former two values are in good agreement with
density matrix renormalization group results. The spin response calculations
show that nearly all the strength is concentrated in the lowest triplet level
and that coherent many-body effects enhance the response/site by nearly a
factor of 1.6 over that found for 2x2 systems.Comment: 9 pages with two enclosed postscript figure
A Plaquette Basis for the Study of Heisenberg Ladders
We employ a plaquette basis-generated by coupling the four spins in a
lattice to a well-defined total angular momentum-for the study of
Heisenberg ladders with antiferromagnetic coupling. Matrix elements of the
Hamiltonian in this basis are evaluated using standard techniques in
angular-momentum (Racah) algebra. We show by exact diagonalization of small
( and ) systems that in excess of 90% of the ground-state
probability is contained in a very small number of basis states. These few
basis states can be used to define a severely truncated basis which we use to
approximate low-lying exact eigenstates. We show how, in this low-energy basis,
the isotropic spin-1/2 Heisenberg ladder can be mapped onto an anisotropic
spin-1 ladder for which the coupling along the rungs is much stronger than the
coupling between the rungs. The mapping thereby generates two distinct energy
scales which greatly facilitates understanding the dynamics of the original
spin-1/2 ladder. Moreover, we use these insights to define an effective
low-energy Hamiltonian in accordance to the newly developed COntractor
REnormalization group (CORE) method. We show how a simple range-2 CORE
approximation to the effective Hamiltonian to be used with our truncated basis
reproduces the low-energy spectrum of the exact theory at the \alt
1% level.Comment: 12 pages with two postscript figure
Mean-Field Theory for Spin Ladders Using Angular-Momentum Coupled Bases
We study properties of two-leg Heisenberg spin ladders in a mean-field
approximation using a variety of angular-momentum coupled bases. The mean-field
theory proposed by Gopalan, Rice, and Sigrist, which uses a rung basis, assumes
that the mean-field ground state consists of a condensate of spin-singlets
along the rungs of the ladder. We generalize this approach to larger
angular-momentum coupled bases which incorporate---by their mere definition---a
substantial fraction of the important short-range structure of these materials.
In these bases the mean-field ground-state remains a condensate of spin
singlet---but now with each involving a larger fraction of the spins in the
ladder. As expected, the ``purity'' of the ground-state, as judged by the
condensate fraction, increases with the size of the elementary block defining
the basis. Moreover, the coupling to quasiparticle excitations becomes weaker
as the size of the elementary block increases. Thus, the weak-coupling limit of
the theory becomes an accurate representation of the underlying mean-field
dynamics. We illustrate the method by computing static and dynamic properties
of two-leg ladders in the various angular-momentum coupled bases.Comment: 28 pages with 8 figure
Mojave remote sensing field experiment
The Mojave Remote Sensing Field Experiment (MFE), conducted in June 1988, involved acquisition of Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS); C, L, and P-band polarimetric radar (AIRSAR) data; and simultaneous field observations at the Pisgah and Cima volcanic fields, and Lavic and Silver Lake Playas, Mojave Desert, California. A LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) scene is also included in the MFE archive. TM-based reflectance and TIMS-based emissivity surface spectra were extracted for selected surfaces. Radiative transfer procedures were used to model the atmosphere and surface simultaneously, with the constraint that the spectra must be consistent with field-based spectral observations. AIRSAR data were calibrated to backscatter cross sections using corner reflectors deployed at target sites. Analyses of MFE data focus on extraction of reflectance, emissivity, and cross section for lava flows of various ages and degradation states. Results have relevance for the evolution of volcanic plains on Venus and Mars
Perturbation Theory for Spin Ladders Using Angular-Momentum Coupled Bases
We compute bulk properties of Heisenberg spin-1/2 ladders using
Rayleigh-Schr\"odinger perturbation theory in the rung and plaquette bases. We
formulate a method to extract high-order perturbative coefficients in the bulk
limit from solutions for relatively small finite clusters. For example, a
perturbative calculation for an isotropic ladder yields an
eleventh-order estimate of the ground-state energy per site that is within
0.02% of the density-matrix-renormalization-group (DMRG) value. Moreover, the
method also enables a reliable estimate of the radius of convergence of the
perturbative expansion. We find that for the rung basis the radius of
convergence is , with defining the ratio between
the coupling along the chain relative to the coupling across the chain. In
contrast, for the plaquette basis we estimate a radius of convergence of
. Thus, we conclude that the plaquette basis offers the
only currently available perturbative approach which can provide a reliable
treatment of the physically interesting case of isotropic spin
ladders. We illustrate our methods by computing perturbative coefficients for
the ground-state energy per site, the gap, and the one-magnon dispersion
relation.Comment: 22 pages. 9 figure
C4 olefin conversion on reduced nickel y faujasite. Evidence for C5 olefin formation via C4 olefin disproportionation
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