On The Center Sets and Center Numbers of Some Graph Classes

For a set $S$ of vertices and the vertex $v$ in a connected graph $G$, $\displaystyle\max_{x \in S}d(x,v)$ is called the $S$-eccentricity of $v$ in $G$. The set of vertices with minimum $S$-eccentricity is called the $S$-center of $G$. Any set $A$ of vertices of $G$ such that $A$ is an $S$-center for some set $S$ of vertices of $G$ is called a center set. We identify the center sets of certain classes of graphs namely, Block graphs, $K_{m,n}$, $K_n-e$, wheel graphs, odd cycles and symmetric even graphs and enumerate them for many of these graph classes. We also introduce the concept of center number which is defined as the number of distinct center sets of a graph and determine the center number of some graph classes

Study of spatial-temporal variations in the green Noctiluca scintillans and diatom blooms in the Arabian Sea using MODIS data

Phytoplankton blooms of green Noctiluca scintillans (a dinoflagellate) and diatom, which appear in the Northern and Central Arabian Sea during winter are far-reaching and persistent. Generation of phytoplankton species images revealed a massive winter bloom with huge spatial extent in 2015. In contrast to this, the classified species images for 2013 indicated relatively weaker bloom with respect to its spread. A plot of total number of pixels classified as diatom and Noctiluca scintillans for different years revealed a cyclic pattern of the spread. The report deals with an approach to forecast the bloom / productivity of the oceanic waters in the Northern-Central Arabian Sea in a qualitative way making use of the systematic pattern of its distribution across the year

On the accuracy of the simple ocean data assimilation analysis for estimating heat budgets of the near-surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal

The accuracy of data from the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) model for estimating the heat budget of the upper ocean is tested in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. SODA is able to reproduce the changes in heat content when they are forced more by the winds, as in wind-forced mixing, upwelling, and advection, but not when they are forced exclusively by surface heat fluxes, as in the warming before the summer monsoon

Fair Sets of Some Class of Graphs

Given a non empty set $S$ of vertices of a graph, the partiality of a vertex with respect to $S$ is the difference between maximum and minimum of the distances of the vertex to the vertices of $S$. The vertices with minimum partiality constitute the fair center of the set. Any vertex set which is the fair center of some set of vertices is called a fair set. In this paper we prove that the induced subgraph of any fair set is connected in the case of trees and characterise block graphs as the class of chordal graphs for which the induced subgraph of all fair sets are connected. The fair sets of $K_{n}$, $K_{m,n}$, $K_{n}-e$, wheel graphs, odd cycles and symmetric even graphs are identified. The fair sets of the Cartesian product graphs are also discussed.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure

Airmass analysis of the processes driving the progression of the Indian summer monsoon

The Indian summer monsoon is a vital source of water and a cause of severe impacts for more than a billion people in the Indian subcontinent. The INCOMPASS project investigates the mechanisms driving its onset and progression through an observational field campaign supplemented by high‐resolution numerical simulations for the 2016 season using UK Met Office models. A 4.4 km resolution convection‐permitting limited‐area model simulation (driven at its boundaries by a daily‐initialised global model) is used in this study, and verified against observations, along with short‐lead‐time operational global forecasts. These data show that the monsoon progression towards northwest India in June 2016 is a non‐steady process, modulated by the interaction between moist low‐level southwesterly flow from the Arabian Sea and a northwesterly incursion of descending dry air from western and central Asia. The location and extent of these two flows are closely linked to midlatitude dynamics, through the southward propagation of potential vorticity streamers and the associated formation of cyclonic circulations in the region where the two airmasses interact. Particular focus is devoted to the use of Lagrangian trajectories to characterise the evolution of the airstreams and complement the Eulerian monsoon progression analysis. The trajectories confirm that the interaction of the two airstreams is a primary driver of the general moistening of the troposphere associated with monsoon progression. They also indicate the occurrence of local diabatic processes along the airstreams, such as turbulent mixing and local evaporation from the Arabian Sea, in addition to moisture transport from remote sources. In summary, this combined Eulerian–Lagrangian analysis reveals the non‐steady nature of monsoon progression towards northwest India. This process is driven by the interaction of different airmasses and influenced by a synergy of factors on a variety of scales, such as midlatitude dynamics, transient weather systems and local diabatic processes

Comparison of feeding methods in neonates - A retrospective cohort study from India

Background: Preterm babies who are unable to breastfeed but are able to swallow are commenced on cup or paladai or bottle as alternative feeding methods. Although the World Health Organization recommends the use of cup owing to reduced infection risk, many neonatal units use the bottle for feeding. Objectives: The aim was to compare the two groups with regard to time taken to commence oral feeds, breastfeeds, achieve full oral feeds, complications, gestational age at discharge, discharge weight, and infant formula use at discharge. Material and Methods: This retrospective observational study was performed to compare two cohorts ofpreterm babies who were fed either by bottle or paladai (small feeding cup with a long spout traditionally used in India) during their transition from tube to breastfeeding. Results: During the study period, there were 68 babies in Center 1 where paladai was used and 71 in Center 2 where bottle was used. The gestational age at which oral feeding was commenced, full oral feeds, gestational age at discharge, and discharge weight were similar in both the groups. Breastfeeding was commenced significantly earlier in the bottle-fed group (p<0.05). The use of infant formula was also significantly more in this group. One baby aspirated in the paladaigroup. Conclusion: With adequate training and attention to hygiene, paladai or feeding bottles could be equally safe methods of feeding in hospitalized preterm neonates

A cure modelling study of an unsaturated polyester resin system for the simulation of curing of fibre-reinforced composites during the vacuum infusion process

This study presents the cure kinetics and cure modelling of an ambient curing unsaturated polyester (UP) resin system for its cure simulation in the vacuum infusion (VI) process. The curing of the UP resin system was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dynamic DSC test measurements were conducted to find out the ultimate heat of reaction and enable experimental conversion determination for the isothermal curing. The empirical autocatalytic cure kinetics model incorporating the Arrhenius law represented the cure behaviour. The results of the cure kinetics study, the cure model, the material properties and the boundary conditions were the inputs in PAM-RTM software for the simulation of the degree of cure and the exothermic temperature during the infusion and the room temperature curing stages. The simulation results were compared with experimentally measured data. A vacuum infusion (VI) experiment involving a non-crimp glass fibre preform was performed in order to monitor the curing using thermocouples and validate the temperature simulation result. It was shown that the degree of cure and the exothermic temperature of a room temperature curing thermoset resin system during the VI process could be predicted through the steps of this study

Plasmon assisted photonic crystal quantum dot sensors

We report Quantum Dot Infrared Detectors (QDIP) where light coupling to the self assembled quantum dots is achieved through plasmons occurring at the metal-semiconductor interface. The detector structure consists of an asymmetric InAs/InGaAs/GaAs dots-in-a-well (DWELL) structure and a thick layer of GaAs sandwiched between two highly doped n-GaAs contact layers, grown on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The aperture of the detector is covered with a thin metallic layer which along with the dielectric layer confines light in the vertical direction. Sub-wavelength two-dimensional periodic patterns etched in the metallic layer covering the aperture of the detector and the active region creates a micro-cavity that concentrate light in the active region leading to intersubband transitions between states in the dot and the ones in the well. The sidewalls of the detector were also covered with metal to ensure that there is no leakage of light into the active region other than through the metal covered aperture. An enhanced spectral response when compared to the normal DWELL detector is obtained despite the absence of any aperture in the detector. The spectral response measurements show that the Long Wave InfraRed (LWIR) region is enhanced when compared to the Mid Wave InfraRed (MWIR) region. This may be due to coupling of light into the active region by plasmons that are excited at the metal-semiconductor interface. The patterned metal-dielectric layers act as an optical resonator thereby enhancing the coupling efficiency of light into the active region at the specified frequency. The concept of plasmon-assisted coupling is in principle technology agnostic and can be easily integrated into present day infrared sensors

Demonstration of Bias-Controlled Algorithmic Tuning of Quantum Dots in a Well (DWELL) MidIR Detectors

The quantum-confined Stark effect in intersublevel transitions present in quantum-dots-in-a-well (DWELL) detectors gives rise to a midIR spectral response that is dependent upon the detector\u27s operational bias. The spectral responses resulting from different biases exhibit spectral shifts, albeit with significant spectral overlap. A postprocessing algorithm was developed by Sakoglu that exploited this bias-dependent spectral diversity to predict the continuous and arbitrary tunability of the DWELL detector within certain limits. This paper focuses on the experimental demonstration of the DWELL-based spectral tuning algorithm. It is shown experimentally that it is possible to reconstruct the spectral content of a target electronically without using any dispersive optical elements for tuning, thereby demonstrating a DWELL-based algorithmic spectrometer. The effects of dark current, detector temperature, and bias selection on the tuning capability are also investigated experimentally

Application of artificial intelligence to reservoir characterization: An interdisciplinary approach. Final report, August 31, 1997

The primary goal of the project is to develop a user-friendly computer program to integrate geological and engineering information using Artificial Intelligence (AI) methodology. The project is restricted to fluvially dominated deltaic environments. The static information used in constructing the reservoir description includes well core and log data. Using the well core and the log data, the program identifies the marker beds, and the type of sand facies, and in turn, develops correlations between wells. Using the correlations and sand facies, the program is able to generate multiple realizations of sand facies and petrophysical properties at interwell locations using geostatistical techniques. The generated petrophysical properties are used as input in the next step where the production data are honored. By adjusting the petrophysical properties, the match between the simulated and the observed production rates is obtained. Although all the components within the overall system are functioning, the integration of dynamic data may not be practical due to the single-phase flow limitations and the computationally intensive algorithms. The future work needs to concentrate on making the dynamic data integration computationally efficient