Status of the Resistance of Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to Afidopyropen Originating from Microbial Secondary Metabolites in China

The resistance of cotton aphids to various forms of commonly used pesticides has seriously threatened the safety of the cotton production. Afidopyropen is a derivative of microbial metabolites with pyropene insecticide, which has been shown to be effective in the management of Aphis gossypii. Several field populations of Aphis gossypii were collected from the major cotton-producing regions of China from 2019 to 2021. The resistance of these populations to afidopyropen was estimated using the leaf-dipping method. The LC50 values of these field populations ranged from 0.005 to 0.591 mg a.i. L−1 in 2019, from 0.174 to 4.963 mg a.i. L−1 in 2020 and from 0.517 to 14.16 mg a.i. L−1 in 2021. The resistance ratios for all A. gossypii populations ranged from 0.03 to 3.97 in 2019, from 1.17 to 33.3 in 2020 and from 3.47 to 95.06 in 2021. The afidopyropen resistance exhibited an increasing trend in the field populations of Cangzhou, Binzhou, Yuncheng, Kuerle, Kuitun, Changji and Shawan from 2019 to 2021. This suggests that the resistance development of the cotton aphid to afidopyropen is inevitable. Therefore, it is necessary to rotate or mix afidopyropen with other insecticides in order to inhibit the development of afidopyropen resistance in field populations

Additional file 1 of The gut symbiont Sphingomonas mediates imidacloprid resistance in the important agricultural insect pest Aphis gossypii Glover

Additional file 1: Table S1. Total reads and good coverage in different samples

Additional file 8 of The gut symbiont Sphingomonas mediates imidacloprid resistance in the important agricultural insect pest Aphis gossypii Glover

Additional file 8: Table S2. Collecting information of Aphis gossypii field populations

Additional file 6 of The gut symbiont Sphingomonas mediates imidacloprid resistance in the important agricultural insect pest Aphis gossypii Glover

Additional file 6: Fig. S5. The stand curve of IMI (A), urea IMI (B) and 5-OH IMI (C)

Additional file 5 of The gut symbiont Sphingomonas mediates imidacloprid resistance in the important agricultural insect pest Aphis gossypii Glover

Additional file 5: Fig. S4. The abundance of Sphingomonas in the gut of the IMI-S and IMI-R strains and SXYC, SDBZ, XJSW and HBHS field populations. The bars with lowercase letters (a, b, c) are significantly different according to one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test (P< 0.05)

Additional file 2 of The gut symbiont Sphingomonas mediates imidacloprid resistance in the important agricultural insect pest Aphis gossypii Glover

Additional file 2: Fig. S1. Rarefaction curves obtained from all samples

Additional file 4 of The gut symbiont Sphingomonas mediates imidacloprid resistance in the important agricultural insect pest Aphis gossypii Glover

Additional file 4: Fig. S3. Detection of Sphingomonas in nine field populations in 2019. Bars represent the mean ± SE (P < 0.05, Tukey’s test)

Additional file 3 of The gut symbiont Sphingomonas mediates imidacloprid resistance in the important agricultural insect pest Aphis gossypii Glover

Additional file 3: Fig. S2. The susceptibility of Sphingomonas to different antibiotics. (A) The inhibition zone of different antibiotics against Sphingomonas (a-f): sodium sulfate, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, amoxicillin, and ampicillin. (B) The line chart of different antibiotics to Sphingomonas

Additional file 7 of The gut symbiont Sphingomonas mediates imidacloprid resistance in the important agricultural insect pest Aphis gossypii Glover

Additional file 7: Fig. S6. The changes in OD600 value of Sphingomonas in the control group (A) and IMI group (B) during the 3-day cultivation. The bars with different lowercase letters (a, b, c) are significantly different (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison, P< 0.05)