Changes in Chlorophyll Content Between CN12 and CN19 Under Shading.

<p>(A), Chlorophyll a (<i>Chl a</i>) content; (B), chlorophyll b (<i>Chl b</i>) content; (C), total chlorophyll content; and (D), <i>Chl a</i>/<i>b</i>. Bars represent the mean ± (SE). Asterisks represent statistically significant differences, as follows: **P≤0.01 and *P≤0.05. Letters represent the probability of multiple comparisons of the means of different genotypes and treatments at each time point, as follows: capital letter, P≤0.01; lowercase letter, P≤0.05. An asterisk in the trend line represents the difference between two adjacent time points for the same genotype and treatment.</p

Changes in Photosynthetic Parameters Between the Stay-Green CN12 and Non-Stay-Green CN19 Wheat Cultivars Under Shading.

<p>(A), Net photosynthetic rate (<i>Pn</i>); (B), stomatal conductance (<i>Gs</i>); (C), intercellular CO₂ concentration (<i>Ci</i>); and (D), transpiration rate (<i>Tr</i>). The bars represent the mean ± standard error (SE). Asterisks represent statistically significant differences, as follows: **P≤0.01 and *P≤0.05. Letters represent the probability of multiple comparisons of the means of different genotypes and treatments at each time point, as follows: capital letter, P≤0.01; lowercase letter, P≤0.05. An asterisk in the trend line represents the difference between two adjacent time points for the same genotype and treatment.</p

Effects of Shading Treatment on Grain Production and Weights in CN12 and CN19.

<p>Effects of Shading Treatment on Grain Production and Weights in CN12 and CN19.</p

Changes in Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Related Biochemical Parameters in CN12 and CN19 Under Shading.

<p>(A), superoxide dismutase (SOD); (B), catalase (CAT); (C), peroxidase (POD); and (D), malondialdehyde (MDA). The bars represent the mean ± (SE). Asterisks represent statistically significant differences, as follows: **P≤0.01 and *P≤0.05. Letters represent the probability of multiple comparisons of the means of different genotypes and treatments at each time point, as follows: capital letter, P≤0.01; lowercase letter, P≤0.05. An asterisk in the trend line represents the difference between two adjacent time points for the same genotype and treatment.</p

Changes in Chlorophyll Florescence Parameters Between CN12 and CN19 Under Shading.

<p>(A), Maximal photochemical efficiency of PSІІ in dark-adapted leaves (<i>Fv</i> /<i>Fm</i>); (B), efficiency of excitation capture by open PSII reaction centers (<i>Fv’/Fm’</i>); (C), photochemical quenching coefficient (<i>qP</i>); (D), quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in PSII (<i>Ф</i>_PSII); and (E), regulated non-photochemical energy loss in PSII (<i>qN</i>). Bars represent the mean ± (SE). Asterisks represent statistically significant differences, as follows: **P≤0.01 and *P≤0.05. Letters represent the probability of multiple comparisons of the means of different genotypes and treatments at each time point, as follows: capital letter, P≤0.01; lowercase letter, P≤0.05. An asterisk in the trend line represents the difference between two adjacent time points for the same genotype and treatment.</p

Differentially expressed three types genes annotated in NR, KEGG and Swiss-port database.

<p>Differentially expressed three types genes annotated in NR, KEGG and Swiss-port database.</p

Comparative transcriptome profiling of <i>Blumeria graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> during compatible and incompatible interactions with sister wheat lines carrying and lacking <i>Pm40</i>

<div><p><i>Blumeria graminis</i> f. sp. <i>tritici</i> (<i>Bgt</i>) is an obligate biotrophic fungus that causes wheat powdery mildew, which is a devastating disease in wheat. However, little is known about the pathogenesis of this fungus, and differences in the pathogenesis of the same pathogen at various resistance levels in hosts have not been determined. In the present study, leaf tissues of both <i>Pm40</i>-expressing hexaploid wheat line L658 and its <i>Pm40</i>-deficient sister line L958 were harvested at 0 (without inoculation), 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi) with <i>Bgt</i> race 15 and then subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). In addition, we also observed changes in fungal growth morphology at the aforementioned time points. There was a high correlation between percentage of reads mapped to the <i>Bgt</i> reference genome and biomass of the fungus within the leaf tissue during the growth process. The percentage of mapped reads of <i>Bgt</i> in compatible interactions was significantly higher (at the p<0.05 level) than that of reads in incompatible interactions from 24 to 72 hpi. Further functional annotations indicated that expression levels of genes encoding H⁺-transporting ATPase, putative secreted effector proteins (PSEPs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) were significantly up-regulated in compatible interactions compared with these levels in incompatible interactions, particularly at 72 hpi. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis suggested that genes involved in the endocytosis pathway were also enriched in compatible interactions. Overall, genes encoding H⁺-transporting ATPase, PSEPs and HSPs possibly played crucial roles in successfully establishing the pathogenesis of compatible interactions during late stages of inoculation. The study results also indicated that endocytosis is likely to play a potential role in <i>Bgt</i> in establishing compatible interactions.</p></div

The average biomass of <i>Bgt</i> during L658 and L958 interactions for each time point of three independent biological replications.

<p>The average biomass of <i>Bgt</i> during L658 and L958 interactions for each time point of three independent biological replications.</p

Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses of the L658 interaction, L958 interaction and <i>Bgt</i> conidia of the five target genes and one reference gene at each time point.

<p>Five DEGs (TID_seq273, TID_seq1719, TID_seq197, TID_seq1665, TID_seq3742) were randomly chosen. Elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) was chosen as the reference gene.</p

COG function classifications of DEGs in groups from L958 compared with those from L658 and <i>Bgt</i>.

<p>S72 vs. R72 represents <i>Bgt</i> interaction with L958 compared to <i>Bgt</i> interaction with L658 at 72 hpi; S72 vs. <i>Bgt</i> represents <i>Bgt</i> interaction with L958 at 72 hpi compared with <i>Bgt</i> conidia at 7 dpi.</p