Theoretical and Experimental Research on CO2 Electrical Heating Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Outside a Horizontal Tube

Numerical simulation on electrical heating pool boiling heat transfer with CO2 as refrigerant outside a horizontal tube is carried. A voltage-controlled heating method has been used in the experiment, with the advantages of good stability and adjustability of the experimental heat flux density. After a series of preliminary calculation and pre-work, numerical simulation is carried based on a software FLUENT. Bubble behaviors are observed, the distribution regularity of volume fraction of vapor is obtained and compared with the experimental results. The results show that numerical simulation and experimental results are in good agreement. Furthermore, by changing the heat flux density, the comparison of velocity on center location of experimental tube is analyzed. Varying pattern is satisfying. Evidently, for velocity, the simulation values are relatively higher and the data locate in the range of 1.40~1.52 times higher than the experimental data. This paper makes useful exploration of CO2 pool boiling heat transfer and the design of evaporator

Thermodynamic Analysis Of Steam Ejector Refrigeration Cycle

Steam ejectors are capable of drawing large volumes of vapor within a relatively small space and at a low cost. In this study, the compressor is replaced by a constant-area mixing ejector to reduce the energy consumption in refrigeration cycle. The influence of various parameters on the performance of the system is obtained by an iterative program and reasons are analyzed in this paper. The effect of pressure difference, the difference of evaporation pressure and primary nozzle outlet pressure, on the COP and the exergy loss of every component in system is considered. Finally the key points to optimize the ejector cycle and the minimum exergy loss location to optimize the ejector design are obtained by theoretical research. A better understanding for the real industrial application is provided by this theoretical analysis on the steam ejector refrigeration system and a foundation for the simulation and experimental reach is laid

Integrating compressed CO2 energy storage in an oxy-coal combustion power plant with CO2 capture

To compensate for the high cost of CO2 capture, this study proposes a novel solution that integrates a compressed CO2 energy storage (CCES) system into an oxy-coal combustion power plant with CO2 capture (Oxy_CCES). The integration of energy storage has the potential to create arbitrage from variations in electricity prices. The proposed Oxy_CCES system can achieve a higher net efficiency of 34.1%, and a higher exergy efficiency of 57.5%, than that of a liquified oxygen storage-integrated oxy-coal combustion power plant (Oxy_O2). Two scenarios, i.e., retrofitting an existing oxy-coal combustion power plant (S–I) and building a new plant (S-II), were established to compare the Oxy_CCES and Oxy_O2. In S–I, the payback time of the Oxy_CCES is one year and in the S-II the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the Oxy_CCES increases by 1.8%, which is lower than that of the Oxy_O2. The sensitivity analysis shows that, when the difference between the peak and the valley electricity prices and the capacities of the energy storage systems increase by 50%, the net present value (NPV) and LCOE of the Oxy_CCES system increase by 113.4% and 1.7% respectively, which are lower than the NPV and LCOE increase of the Oxy_O2

Electric-field Control of Magnetism with Emergent Topological Hall Effect in SrRuO3 through Proton Evolution

Ionic substitution forms an essential pathway to manipulate the carrier density and crystalline symmetry of materials via ion-lattice-electron coupling, leading to a rich spectrum of electronic states in strongly correlated systems. Using the ferromagnetic metal SrRuO3 as a model system, we demonstrate an efficient and reversible control of both carrier density and crystalline symmetry through the ionic liquid gating induced protonation. The insertion of protons electron-dopes SrRuO3, leading to an exotic ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition along with the increase of proton concentration. Intriguingly, we observe an emergent topological Hall effect at the boundary of the phase transition as the consequence of the newly-established Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction owing to the breaking of inversion symmetry in protonated SrRuO3 with the proton compositional film-depth gradient. We envision that electric-field controlled protonation opens a novel strategy to design material functionalities

Two stage Robust Nash Bargaining based Benefit Sharing between Electric and HCNG Distribution Networks Bridged with SOFC

Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) networks have potentized sustainability and efficiency of integrated electricity and natural gas systems. However, paucity of benefit sharing risks the IENGS's development in multiple entities and bottlenecks its efficacy. To fill the gap, a robust Nash bargaining-based benefit sharing mechanism for HCNG-enabled IENGS is proposed

Evolutionary and regulatory pattern analysis of soybean Ca2+ ATPases for abiotic stress tolerance

P2-type Ca2+ ATPases are responsible for cellular Ca2+ transport, which plays an important role in plant development and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the role of P2-type Ca2+ ATPases in stress response and stomatal regulation is still elusive in soybean. In this study, a total of 12 P2-type Ca2+ ATPases genes (GmACAs and GmECAs) were identified from the genome of Glycine max. We analyzed the evolutionary relationship, conserved motif, functional domain, gene structure and location, and promoter elements of the family. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis showed that vegetable soybean leaves are damaged to different extents under salt, drought, cold, and shade stresses. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis demonstrated that most of the GmACAs and GmECAs are up-regulated after drought, cold, and NaCl treatment, but are down-regulated after shading stress. Microscopic observation showed that different stresses caused significant stomatal closure. Spatial location and temporal expression analysis suggested that GmACA8, GmACA9, GmACA10, GmACA12, GmACA13, and GmACA11 might promote stomatal closure under drought, cold, and salt stress. GmECA1 might regulate stomatal closure in shading stress. GmACA1 and GmECA3 might have a negative function on cold stress. The results laid an important foundation for further study on the function of P2-type Ca2+ ATPase genes GmACAs and GmECAs for breeding abiotic stress-tolerant vegetable soybean

Ultrasound on Erect Penis Improves Plaque Identification in Patients With Peyronie’s Disease

ObjectivesTo compare the sensitivity of identification of penile plaques in the erect and flaccid penises by ultrasound in patients with Peyronie’s disease (PD).Materials and MethodsA total of 75 PD patients were screened by palpation and ultrasonography for penile lesions in both flaccid and erect penises induced by prostaglandin E1 (PG-1) injection.ResultsA total of 138 lesions were identified by ultrasound in the erect penises induced by injection of PG-1. However, only 74.6% of the lesions (103) were detectable by the palpation of the flaccid penises, and 84.1% (116) by ultrasound of the flaccid penises. The ultrasound confirmed 99 of the palpated lesions in the flaccid penises. The detection rate of lesions in drug-induced erect penises by ultrasound was significantly higher than those in the flaccid penises by the ultrasound (P < 0.01) or palpation (P < 0.0005) The type of penile lesions identified by ultrasonography included tunical thickening, calcifications, septal fibrosis, and intracavernosal fibrosis. The ratios of these lesions confirmed by ultrasound were 52.6, 33.6, 6.0, and 7.8%, respectively, in the flaccid penises, and 55.8, 28.3, 8.7, and 7.2%, respectively, in the erect penises.ConclusionDrug-induced erection can be used in suspicious PD patients when penile lesion is not identified by palpation or ultrasound in the flaccid penis

Advances in omics research on peanut response to biotic stresses

Peanut growth, development, and eventual production are constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses resulting in serious economic losses. To understand the response and tolerance mechanism of peanut to biotic and abiotic stresses, high-throughput Omics approaches have been applied in peanut research. Integrated Omics approaches are essential for elucidating the temporal and spatial changes that occur in peanut facing different stresses. The integration of functional genomics with other Omics highlights the relationships between peanut genomes and phenotypes under specific stress conditions. In this review, we focus on research on peanut biotic stresses. Here we review the primary types of biotic stresses that threaten sustainable peanut production, the multi-Omics technologies for peanut research and breeding, and the recent advances in various peanut Omics under biotic stresses, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, miRNAomics, epigenomics and phenomics, for identification of biotic stress-related genes, proteins, metabolites and their networks as well as the development of potential traits. We also discuss the challenges, opportunities, and future directions for peanut Omics under biotic stresses, aiming sustainable food production. The Omics knowledge is instrumental for improving peanut tolerance to cope with various biotic stresses and for meeting the food demands of the exponentially growing global population