Additional file 1: Table S1. of Comparative analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum genomes: a new perspective for the industrial production of amino acids

Strains sequenced in this study. (PDF 37 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S1. of Comparative analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum genomes: a new perspective for the industrial production of amino acids

Genome-wide alignment of selected C. glutamicum strains in an all-versus-all manner to ATCC 13032: MB001 (A), ATCC 15168 (B), R (C), B253 (D), SCgG1 (E), and ATCC 21831 (F). Matches in the forward strand are in red and those in the reverse strand are in blue. (PDF 394 kb

Forest dynamics in the U.S. indicate disproportionate attrition in western forests, rural areas and public lands

<div><p>Forests are experiencing significant changes; studying geographic patterns in forests is critical in understanding the impact of forest dynamics to biodiversity, soil erosion, water chemistry and climate. Few studies have examined forest geographic pattern changes other than fragmentation; however, other spatial processes of forest dynamics are of equal importance. Here, we study forest attrition, the complete removal of forest patches, that can result in complete habitat loss, severe decline of population sizes and species richness, and shifts of local and regional environmental conditions. We aim to develop a simple yet insightful proximity-based spatial indicator capturing forest attrition that is independent of spatial scale and boundaries with worldwide application potential. Using this proximity indicator, we evaluate forest attrition across ecoregions, land ownership and urbanization stratifications across continental United States of America. Nationally, the total forest cover loss was approximately 90,400 km², roughly the size of the state of Maine, constituting a decline of 2.96%. Examining the spatial arrangement of this change the average FAD was 3674m in 1992 and increased by 514m or 14.0% in 2001. Simulations of forest cover loss indicate only a 10m FAD increase suggesting that the observed FAD increase was more than an order of magnitude higher than expected. Furthermore, forest attrition is considerably higher in the western United States, in rural areas and in public lands. Our mathematical model (R² = 0.93) supports estimation of attrition for a given forest cover. The FAD metric quantifies forest attrition across spatial scales and geographic boundaries and assesses unambiguously changes over time. The metric is applicable to any landscape and offers a new complementary insight on forest landscape patterns from local to global scales, improving future exploration of drivers and repercussions of forest cover changes and supporting more informative management of forest carbon, changing climate and species biodiversity.</p></div

Illustration of applicability of the forest attrition distance metrics used as an attrition indicator.

<p>Case a shows the initial forest state followed by seven forest change examples (b-h). Forested area is depicted in green pixels. Red squares with dotted lines indicate forest loss. Values of our forest attrition distance along with four other commonly used metrics for these seven cases are provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0171383#pone.0171383.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Deviation of observed from expected FAD values (%).

<p>Yellow labels depict percentage forest cover in 2001. High deviation values concentrate in Pacific Northwest ecoregions and the Southwest coast suggesting more severe clustering of forest losses and attrition around those regions.</p

Scatterplot of forest cover percentage and forest attrition distance normalized per forest cover.

<p>Data generated from observations and statistical simulations from 84 level III ecoregions in 2001. The accurate (R² of 0.93) nonlinear relationship suggests accelerated attrition as percentage forest cover decreases and allows prediction of attrition increases given certain forest cover changes.</p

Forest cover change (FCC) and forest attrition distance change (FADC) in level III ecoregions.

<p>While the southeastern U.S. is experiencing high forest loss, the highest forest attrition is concentrated in other parts of the country.</p

FAD_Norm dynamics in landscape strata over six ecoregions. FADC_Norm values are depicted in bars.

<p>Percentage of land cover strata is shown in parentheses next to the name. Percentage of forest cover in ecoregions is shown in parentheses in the legend. Forest attrition is considerably higher in western ecoregions and federal and state lands while lower in urban and suburban regions.</p

Forest attrition visualized in four ecoregions.

<p>Forest losses during the 1990s are depicted as red pixels, forest present in 2000 is shown as green pixels and non-forest is shown as gray pixels. Forest attrition is considerably higher in western ecoregions than in eastern ecoregions as forest losses occurred more frequently in gap regions.</p

sj-docx-1-eso-10.1177_23969873231196981 – Supplemental material for Associations between neurovascular coupling and cerebral small vessel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-eso-10.1177_23969873231196981 for Associations between neurovascular coupling and cerebral small vessel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Sheng Yang and Alastair John Stewart Webb in European Stroke Journal</p