The Correlation Analysis of Futures Pricing Mechanism in China’s Carbon Financial Market

China, taking the concept of sustainable development as the premise, puts forward Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in response to climate change. In this context, with the purpose of seeking solutions to a carbon financial market pricing mechanism to build China’s carbon finance market actively and thus achieving the goal of sustainable development, this paper, based on the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, established a carbon price prediction model for the carbon financial market, and studied the relationship between Certified Emission Reduction (CER) futures prices and spot prices, as well as the relationship between European Union allowances (EUA) futures prices and CER futures prices in an empirical manner. In this paper, EUA and CER futures prices of the European Climate Exchange (ECX) and EUA and CER spot prices of the BlueNext Environmental Exchange were selected as research objects. Granger causality test, co-integration test, and ECM were used to form a progressive econometric analysis framework. The results show that firstly, the ARIMA model can effectively predict carbon futures prices; secondly, CER futures prices cannot guide spot price, and the futures pricing function does not play a role in this market; thirdly, EUA futures price can, in the short term, effectively guide the trend of CER futures prices, with the futures pricing function between the two markets. In the long run, however, the future pricing function of the two markets is not obvious. Therefore, great differences among maturity of the two markets, degree of policy influence, and market share lead to the failure of long-run futures pricing functions.Forestry, Faculty ofNon UBCReviewedFacult

Hydrological Restoration and Water Resource Management of Siberian Crane (<i>Grus leucogeranus</i>) Stopover Wetlands

Habitat loss is a key factor affecting Siberian crane stopovers. The accurate calculation of water supply and effective water resource management schemes plays an important role in stopover habitat restoration for the Siberian crane. In this paper, the ecological water demand was calculated and corrected by developing a three-dimensional model. The results indicated that the calculated minimum and optimum ecological water demand values for the Siberian crane were 2.47 &#215; 108 m3~3.66 &#215; 108 m3 and 4.96 &#215; 108 m3~10.36 &#215; 108 m3, respectively, in the study area. After correction with the three-dimensional model, the minimum and optimum ecological water demand values were 3.75 &#215; 108 m3 and 5.21 &#215; 108 m3, respectively. A water resource management scheme was established to restore Siberian crane habitat. Continuous, area-specific and simulated flood water supply options based on water diversions were used to supply water. The autumn is the best season for area-specific and simulating flood water supply. These results can serve as a reference for protecting other waterbirds and restoring wetlands in semi-arid areas

Purification Effect of Sequential Constructed Wetland for the Polluted Water in Urban River

Constructed wetlands can play an active role in improving the water quality of urban rivers. In this study, a sequential series system of the floating-bed constructed wetland (FBCW), horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSFCW), and surface flow constructed wetland (SFCW) were constructed for the urban river treatment in the cold regions of North China, which gave full play to the combined advantages. In the Yitong River, the designed capacity and the hydraulic loading of the system was 100 m3/d and 0.10 m3/m2d, respectively. The hydraulic retention time was approximately 72 h. The monitoring results, from April to October in 2016, showed the multiple wetland ecosystem could effectively remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphate (TP), and suspended solids (SS) at average removal rates of 74.79%, 80.90%, 71.12%, 78.44%, and 91.90%, respectively. The removal rate of SS in floating-bed wetland was the largest among all the indicators (80.24%), which could prevent the block of sub-surface flow wetland effectively. The sub-surface flow wetland could remove the NH4-N, TN, and TP effectively, and the contribution rates were 79.20%, 64.64%, and 81.71%, respectively. The surface flow wetland could further purify the TN and the removal rate of TN could reach 23%. The total investment of this ecological engineering was $12,000. The construction cost and the operation cost were$120 and $0.02 per ton of polluted water, which was about 1/3 to 1/5 and 1/6 to 1/3 of the conventional sewage treatment, respectively. The results of this study provide a technical demonstration of the restoration of polluted water in urban rivers in northern China

Traffic-aware data and signaling resource management for green cellular networks

Abstract—The increasing traffic demands bring heavy load to both the data and control planes of cellular networks, along with substantial energy consumption. To solve the issue, new network architecture that separates signaling and data has been proposed in literature for future green cellular networks. In this paper, we analyze the data and signaling resource configuration problem in this new network architecture. We find the optimal resource partitioning parameters to optimize the blocking performance and to minimize the overall network power consumption with a blocking probability constraint. More specifically, we adopt traffic-aware resource allocation between the data and signaling base stations (BSs) to improve network access capability while reducing the overall network power consumption. Two types of resource partitioning patterns, complete partitioning and partial partitioning, are studied. Numerical results show that great energy-saving gain can be achieved compared with the traditional fixed and traffic-proportional resource partitioning patterns. Moreover, power consumption and blocking perfor-mance tradeoffs are explored, based on which the appropriate resource partitioning pattern can be chosen according to different quality of service (QoS) requirements. I

Table1_Multi-environment factors dominate plant community structure and diversity in an ombrotrophic bog: The water level is the main regulating mechanism.DOCX

Understanding the relationship between vegetation and the environment is critical to manage bog ecosystems. However, information on how environmental factors influence the species composition and diversity in the ombrotrophic bog of Northeast China is lacking. Here, we investigated species compositions and environmental characteristics (water level, water conductivity, soil moisture content, bulk density, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorous) from five sample sites along the water level gradients (the water level is below the surface, near the surface, and above the surface). Plant communities presented a patchy distribution pattern along the environmental gradients and could be divided into five types of communities. Moreover, the distribution of plant communities was mainly determined by water level, water conductivity, soil moisture content, pH, and organic carbon, which significantly explained 32.2%, 30.9%, 29.7%, 29.1%, and 22.5% of the variation in floristic composition. Among these factors, water level was the dominant factor influencing the distribution of plant communities. The partial least squares path model analysis showed that water level could influence plant diversity through different pathways, which could directly affect plant diversity and indirectly affect by changing water chemistry and soil properties. Additionally, soil pH contributed most to the indirect effects of water level on plant diversity. Thus, this study highlighted the high dependence of plant communities on water level and environmental factors driven by water level in ombrotrophic bogs, which provided some valuable implications for regional vegetation restoration and plant community stability.</p

Toxicological effects and transcriptome mechanisms of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under stress of quinclorac and polystyrene nanoplastics

The absorption and accumulation of nanoplastics (NPs) by plants is currently attracting considerable attention. NPs also tend to adsorb surrounding organic pollutants, such as pesticides, which can damage plants. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the phytotoxicity of NPs are not sufficiently researched. Therefore, we analyzed the toxicological effects of 50 mg/L polystyrene NPs (PS 50 nm) and 5 mg/L the herbicide quinolinic (QNC) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) using 7-day hydroponic experiments, explaining the corresponding mechanisms by transcriptome analysis. The main conclusion is that all treatments inhibit rice growth and activate the antioxidant level. Compared with CK, the inhibition rates of PS, QNC, and PS+QNC on rice shoot length were 3.95%, 6.68%, and 11.43%, respectively. The gene ontology (GO) term photosynthesis was significantly enriched by QNC, and the combination PS+QNC significantly enriched the GO terms of amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolisms. The chemicals QNC and PS+QNC significantly affected the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) of the MAPK signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction. Our findings provide a new understanding of the phytotoxic mechanisms and environmental impacts of the interactions between NPs and pesticides. It also provides insights into the impact of NPs and pesticides on plants in the agricultural system

Long-Term Changes in the Water Quality and Macroinvertebrate Communities of a Subtropical River in South China

Subtropical rivers support a highly diverse array of benthic macroinvertebrates. In this study, by combining historical data and new data, we identified specific changes in the Guanlan River, in South China, from 1981 to 2011, and evaluated the effectiveness of an ecological restoration project under highly polluted conditions. From 1981 to 2011, the water quality in the Guanlan River underwent three major stages. With the deterioration of water quality, there was an overall decrease in the species number of macroinvertebrates in the Guanlan River, an increase in macroinvertebrate density, and a reduction of the biodiversity, and a reduction of functional feeding groups. In 2011, after five years of comprehensive remediation, the Guanlan River was somewhat improved. Macroinvertebrate biodiversity in the middle reach of the Guanlan River, where a key ecological restoration engineering project was implemented, did not differ significantly from other sites. This finding indicates that the effectiveness of ecological restoration measures in highly polluted rivers, particularly at the reach-scale, is very limited and even ineffective

Responses of the Siberian crane population to temporal and spatial hydrological variations in stopover sites in northeast China

The Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus), a critically endangered species, is used as an indicator species for ecosystem stability because of its sensitivity to the environment. The distribution of Siberian cranes has shown dramatic fluctuations on an order of magnitude at the main stopover site (Jilin Momoge National Nature Reserve) since the present century, which poses a great challenge to the conservation of endangered species. Research on the threshold values of key factors of the Siberian crane in stopover habitats and the relationship between the Siberian crane and hydrological temporal and spatial fluctuations can promote endangered species conservation. The response of population changes and distribution patterns of Siberian cranes to hydrological temporal and spatial patterns of wetlands was analyzed from 1984 to 2020. The results showed that population changes and distribution patterns of Siberian cranes were highly correlated with hydrological temporal and spatial patterns in the study area, and their variation trend was the same. However, there were obvious stage migration changes in the core activity area of the Siberian crane (1984–2000, 2001–2010 and 2010–2020). The habitat characteristics of fragmentation, dispersion and complex shape of water bodies changed from steady to dramatic fluctuations and then leveled off in the core activity area of Siberian cranes during the 37 years of migration transit. This was closely related to the early agricultural reclamation and the later ecological water replenishment project in the study area. In addition, the trend of the water pattern index of the spatial distribution of Siberian crane active habitat was also closely related to their habitat selection preference. When the perimeter area fractal dimension of water (1.27–1.40), landscape division index (0.73–0.95) and aggregation index (80.97–91.36) are within a certain stable threshold, the stopover habitat of the Siberian crane is suitable. This study will provide scientific guidance for the conservation of the Siberian crane population and the development of wetland restoration projects

Impact of Precipitation Patterns on Biomass and Species Richness of Annuals in a Dry Steppe

<div><p>Annuals are an important component part of plant communities in arid and semiarid grassland ecosystems. Although it is well known that precipitation has a significant impact on productivity and species richness of community or perennials, nevertheless, due to lack of measurements, especially long-term experiment data, there is little information on how quantity and patterns of precipitation affect similar attributes of annuals. This study addresses this knowledge gap by analyzing how quantity and temporal patterns of precipitation affect aboveground biomass, interannual variation aboveground biomass, relative aboveground biomass, and species richness of annuals using a 29-year dataset from a dry steppe site at the Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station. Results showed that aboveground biomass and relative aboveground biomass of annuals increased with increasing precipitation. The coefficient of variation in aboveground biomass of annuals decreased significantly with increasing annual and growing-season precipitation. Species richness of annuals increased significantly with increasing annual precipitation and growing-season precipitation. Overall, this study highlights the importance of precipitation for aboveground biomass and species richness of annuals.</p></div