11 research outputs found
LawBench: Benchmarking Legal Knowledge of Large Language Models
Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in various
aspects. However, when applying them to the highly specialized, safe-critical
legal domain, it is unclear how much legal knowledge they possess and whether
they can reliably perform legal-related tasks. To address this gap, we propose
a comprehensive evaluation benchmark LawBench. LawBench has been meticulously
crafted to have precise assessment of the LLMs' legal capabilities from three
cognitive levels: (1) Legal knowledge memorization: whether LLMs can memorize
needed legal concepts, articles and facts; (2) Legal knowledge understanding:
whether LLMs can comprehend entities, events and relationships within legal
text; (3) Legal knowledge applying: whether LLMs can properly utilize their
legal knowledge and make necessary reasoning steps to solve realistic legal
tasks. LawBench contains 20 diverse tasks covering 5 task types: single-label
classification (SLC), multi-label classification (MLC), regression, extraction
and generation. We perform extensive evaluations of 51 LLMs on LawBench,
including 20 multilingual LLMs, 22 Chinese-oriented LLMs and 9 legal specific
LLMs. The results show that GPT-4 remains the best-performing LLM in the legal
domain, surpassing the others by a significant margin. While fine-tuning LLMs
on legal specific text brings certain improvements, we are still a long way
from obtaining usable and reliable LLMs in legal tasks. All data, model
predictions and evaluation code are released in
https://github.com/open-compass/LawBench/. We hope this benchmark provides
in-depth understanding of the LLMs' domain-specified capabilities and speed up
the development of LLMs in the legal domain
Transcriptome profiling and gene expression analyses of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under heat stress.
Global warming induces heat stress in eggplant, seriously affecting its quality and yield. The response to heat stress is a complex regulatory process; however, the exact mechanism in eggplant is unknown. We analyzed the transcriptome of eggplant under different high-temperature treatments using RNA-Seq technology. Three libraries treated at high temperatures were generated and sequenced. There were 40,733,667, 40,833,852, and 40,301,285 clean reads with 83.98%, 79.69%, and 84.42% of sequences mapped to the eggplant reference genome in groups exposed to 28°C (CK), 38°C (T38), and 43°C (T43), respectively. There were 3,067 and 1,456 DEGs in T38 vs CK and T43 vs CK groups, respectively. In these two DEG groups, 315 and 342 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in common. Differential expression patterns of DEGs in antioxidant enzyme systems, detoxication, phytohormones, and transcription factors under heat stress were investigated. We screened heat stress-related genes for further validation by qRT-PCR. Regulation mechanisms may differ under different temperature treatments, in which heat shock proteins and heat stress transcription factors play vital roles. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of the heat stress response in eggplant and may be useful in crop breeding
Self-assembly of gold nanowires along carbon nanotubes for ultrahigh-aspect-ratio hybrids
We report a novel approach for the assembly of one-dimensional hybrid nanostructures that consist of gold nanowires with ultrahigh aspect ratios (L/d > 500) self-assembled along the axes of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The micrometer-long hybrid nanowires exhibit high electrical conductivity and can be easily microcontact-printed onto various substrates in a patterned form, suggesting that these hybrids have considerable potential as interconnects for nanoelectronic applications.<br /