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Advances in Forage Legumes: Shrub Legumes

Forage tree legumes benefit agriculture through their multi-purpose contributions to livestock feeding, to productivity of farming systems, and to protection of the environment. Of the several hundred forage tree legume species regarded as having potential for forage only c. twenty are in common use. These are listed together with their agroecological range and tolerance of adverse environments including acid soils, cool temperatures, low rainfall, poor drainage and high salinity. The value of many species to ruminants is limited due to low nutritive value arising from low protein availability and low acceptability caused principally by high condensed tannin content. Only 10 of the 20 listed species are considered to have a high nutritive value viz. Albizia lebbeck, Chamaecytisus palmensis, Cratylia argentea, Desmodium rensonii, Desmanthus virgatus, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena diversifolia, Sesbania grandiflora,and Sesbania sesban. The germplasm in commercial use worldwide is often inferior and with a narrow genetic base. The need for farmer access to a greater diversity of planting material and improved varieties through better distribution systems is highlighted. However, plant improvement is often limited due to taxonomic confusion in many genera e.g. Albizia, Prosopis, and farmer access to new varieties is limited by lack of information and lack of resources to purchase high quality seeds. There is debate over whether to use fast growing exotic species or slower growing native species. There are as many as 150-200 M people use Gliricidia sepium worldwide but there is minimal use in its native range. Conversely, native Acacia communities are over-exploited in their native range with minimal use elsewhere. Conservation of native range is critical and in situ, ex situ and circa situm approaches are suggested. Issues of weediness potential are paramount when using exotic species requiring greater care in the evaluation of risk factors. Finally, the reasons for successes and failures in promotion of forage tree legume use in world farming systems are analyzed and suggestions made to extend the utilization of this important group of legume species

What influences the Changes in REIT CEO Compensation?: Evidence from Panel Data

This study examines what influences the changes in REIT CEO compensation using the following performance measures: average three-year total returns to shareholders, market value added, Tobin's q, and change in funds from operations. In addition, we examine the impact of managerial power on the change in compensation. Unbalanced panel data is employed to capture both the time-series and cross-sectional effects. The empirical evidence indicates that firm performance and size do not influence the change in CEO salary, while risk, tenure, title, ownership, and age have significant impacts. Contrary to previous findings and a priori expectations, bonuses are not influenced by risk, size, or CEO power; however, they are influenced by performance. Option awards are affected by performance and CEO power.

Evidence for multiple structural genes for the γ chain of human fetal hemoglobin

A sequence with a specific residue at each position was proposed for the γ chain of human fetal hemoglobin by Schroeder et al. (1) after a study in which hemoglobin from a number of individual infants was used. We have now examined in part the fetal hemoglobin components of 17 additional infants and have observed that position 136 of the γ chain may be occupied not only by a glycyl residue, as previously reported, but also by an alanyl residue

Adoption of Tropical Legume Technology around the World: Analysis of Success

Key points 1. Examples of successful adoption of forage legumes are reported from all continents, where they delivered profitability and often provided multipurpose benefits to farmers. 2. Factors vital to successful adoption were: meeting the needs of farmers; building relevant partnerships; understanding the socio-economic context and skills of farmers; participatory involvement with rural communities; and long-term involvement of champions. 3. Organisation of seed supply, achieving scale-up and forming partnerships to implement adoption are key features. 4. Legumes remain an important but under-exploited resource for tropical farming systems. The alternative to legumes will be greater and more costly use of N-fertilisers and purchased protein concentrates. 5. The R&D organisations will need to provide long-term support and greater investment for legume technologies to deliver benefits to farmers. Support will be needed for training and education programmes to overcome declining availability of forage legume expertise and lack of awareness of opportunity for use of tropical forage legumes

The Locus Ceruleus in PTSD

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Adoption of Tropical Legume Technology Around the World: Analysis of Success

Examples of successful adoption of forage legumes are reported from all continents, where they delivered profitability and often provided multipurpose benefits to farmers. Factors vital to successful adoption were: meeting the needs of farmers; building relevant partnerships; understanding the socio-economic context and skills of farmers; participatory involvement with rural communities; and long-term involvement of champions. Organisation of seed supply, achieving scale-up and forming partnerships to implement adoption are key features. Legumes remain an important but under-exploited resource for tropical farming systems. The alternative to legumes will be greater and more costly use of N-fertilisers and purchased protein concentrates. The R&D organisations will need to provide long-term support and greater investment for legume technologies to deliver benefits to farmers. Support will be needed for training and education programmes to overcome declining availability of forage legume expertise and lack of awareness of opportunity for use of tropical forage legumes

Genotypic Effects on Condensed Tannins in the Leucaena Genus

One hundred and eighteen accessions of the Leucaena genus were assayed for extractable and bound condensed tannins (CT). Leucaena taxa varied from low or no CT (0-1%) to extremely high levels (\u3e15%). There was considerable intraspecific variation in CT within key taxa. The proportion of bound tannin decreased with increasing total CT content

The Tropical Grassland Society of Australia Incorporated

The Tropical Grassland Society of Australia was formed in 1962 and became incorporated in 1987 and has the following aims: To publicise information of interest to primary producers and scientists To improve the relevance of research and adoption of technology through the flow of ideas between scientists and producers To publicise the findings of Australian pasture research and development to overseas workers, and to draw on their experience for application in Australi