Fish spawning strategies in the variable southern Benguela Current region

Bibliography: pages 320-327.A 120 station grid was surveyed at monthly intervals in the southern Benguela. Current system between August 1977 and August 1978. Plankton was collected at each station by means of a double oblique tow behind the ship at 2 knots down to 100m or 5m off the bottom. Plankton displaced volume was determined and all fish eggs and larvae were removed and identified to the lowest possible taxon. Water samples were collected at each·station by means of 5 litre bottles from 5 depths down to a maximum depth of 75m. Microplankton (37-100 μm fraction) particle concentration, chlorophyll concentration and salinity were determined from the samples. A vertical temperature profile was obtained at each station using a bathythermograph. Twenty plastic drift cards were released at each station and recoveries plotted. Wind measurements were made on board the ship and also obtained after the cruise from land sites at Cape Point and Cape Columbine. After August 1978, the CELP grid was resurveyed in November 1978, November 1981 and November 1982. In November 1979 and November 1980 a number of stations were sampled in the vicinity of the Cape Peninsula. to determine the vertical abundance pattern of anchovy eggs. In November 1983, 1984 and 1985 a much larger portion of the southern Benguela Current system was surveyed to determine the spawner biomass of anchovy using the egg production and acoustic methods. In these surveys anchovy eggs were sampled by means of a vertical tow with a CalVET net and at some stations on the Agulhas Bank the vertical abundance of anchovy eggs was sampled using a multiple opening and closing RMT sampler. The ichthyoplankton and environmental data were interpreted to reveal any similarity in pattern. Anchovy, hake and laternfish were selected for special attention because of their different spawning strategies, and were shown to have seasonal and spatial patterns of egg and larval abundance which could be related to the environment. The major environmental process influencing ichthyoplankton abundance patterns appeared to be the seasonal advection of warm western boundary current water into the system from late spring to early autumn, causing the development of a temperature front along the west coast and a thermocline over the Agulhas Bank. Plankton standing stocks were elevated between the front and the coast and in the thermocline. In order to place their spawning strategies into perspective, a simulation model was used to explore the performance of anchovy, hake and lanternfish life history strategies in filtering out environmental variability. Results suggested that anchovy and hake are adapted to cope with variability whereas lanternfish are less well adpated, and therefore spawn in winter when the system is most homogeneous. Conclusions are drawn as to the kinds of environmental anomalies likely to cause poor year class strength in the three species

Infusing Counseling Theories with the Integrated Developmental Model: Strengthening Supervision Practices

Supervision is vital to all human services professions to help new professionals assimilate to their roles. There are many theory based supervisory methods to guide supervisors, and counseling professionals have suggested that the adoption of a developmental model of supervision prepares the supervisor to partner with supervisees to facilitate feedback related to developmental milestones. This paper explores the dynamics of combining the Integrated Developmental Model (IDM) of supervision with counseling theories that influence supervision styles and offers examples of how IDM is flexible in combining with theoretical approaches by providing examples and information related to its integration with solution-focused supervision and person-centered supervision. Included is a vignette to help bridge the concept from theory to practice, information on roles for the supervisor and supervisee, and cultural considerations to aid supervisors in practical implementation of the supervision strategies

Impact of Soil Type, Moisture, and Depth on Swede Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Pupation and Emergence

Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a common insect pest in Europe and a new invasive pest in North America, causes severe damage to cruciferous crops. Currently, many counties in Canada and the United States in which C. nasturtii has not been previously reported are at risk of being infested by C. nasturtii. Effectiveness of chemical control is limited, especially under high population pressure in fields, because the cryptic habits of C. nasturtii protect them from insecticidal sprays. Alternative management strategies against C. nasturtii that are needed to protect crucifers and soil management for the pupal stage were studied as one option. Six different types of soils (loam fine sand, fine sand, clay loam, muck, Chenango shale loam, and silt loam soil) were collected from commercial cabbage fields in New York and studied in the laboratory for their impact on C. nasturtii pupation and emergence. The results indicated that extremely wet or dry soils significantly hindered C. nasturtii emergence, regardless of soil type, suggesting that soil type alone may not be a major factor regulating C. nasturtii abundance. Optimal moisture content for C. nasturtii emergence varied for different soils. Most C. nasturtii pupated within the top 1 cm of soil. Furthermore, we found that >5 cm of soil cover effectively reduced the emergence number and delayed the time of emergence. Based on these results, we suggest that soil manipulation (moisture content and cultivation practices) should be considered as an important component in an overall integrated pest management program for C. nasturti

Cabbage Looper

NYS IPM Type: Vegetables IPM Fact SheetThe cabbage looper is native to the United States and feeds on many cultivated vegetables, including all members of the cabbage family. This pest survives the winter only in the Gulf States. The adults migrate northward annually, arriving in northeastern United States and Canada anytime from early July to late August, depending on the weather and wind patterns. There are one to three generations in the northeastern states depending on the time of arrival and temperature in late summer and early fall

ARTHROPOD PREDATORS IN CABBAGE (CRUCIFERAE) AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS NATURALLY OCCURRING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS FOR PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE)

We used three sampling methods to identify the arthropod predators most abundant and active in fields of cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, and determined those most likely to be important predators of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae L., by testing the predators' abilities to forage on cabbage plants and to feed on Pieris rapae in small arenas in the laboratory. Abundance and activity in the field were monitored with pitfall traps, sticky traps applied directly to leaves, and plant samples. Four criteria were used to assess the species' potential value as a predator of Pieris rapae in cabbage: relatively high overall abundance in trap catches and plant samples, occurrence on plant foliage in the field, a high propensity to feed on Pieris rapae eggs and first instars, and the ability to search for larval Pieris rapae on cabbage plants. Four species, the wolf spider Pardosa milvina (Hentz) (Araneae: Lycosidae), the harvestman Phalangium opilio L. (Opiliones: Phalangiidae), and the lady beetles Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), demonstrated these attributes, although all four species appeared unable to search for prey on some parts of the cabbage plants, owing to unsure footing on the plants' slippery cuticular wax. Linyphiids (Araneae) and syrphids (Diptera), the most abundant taxa in the plant samples, may prove better at thoroughly searching cabbage plants, but remain to be tested in future laboratory trials. Our results show that only a small portion of the predatory arthropod species that occur in cabbage fields is likely to prey on Pieris rapae on the plants, although important questions remain about the roles of some taxa. Future efforts to enhance biological control of Pieris rapae by naturally occurring predators can now focus on further elucidating and finding ways to enhance the roles of those predators that are effectiv

Effect of Age Structure on the Outcome of Viral Epizootics in Field Populations of Imported Cabbageworm (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The effect of larval age on the progress of epizootics of a granulosis virus was examined in field populations of imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), in 1985 and 1986. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to follow the progress of disease in three larval age classes beginning 2-3 d after treatment. On virus-treated cabbage, late second and early third instars were more liable to infection than were first and final instars. In laboratory experiments, potted cabbage plants were treated with virus in the same way that field plots had been, and leaves were fed to three age classes of larvae at three temperatures for 18-23 h. Fewer larvae developed disease when given access to leaves at 16°C than at 22 or 28°C. Fewer first instars became infected than third and fifth instars. Third instars were most likely to become infected at all temperatures. The data suggest that virus should be directed at second and third instars rather than at larvae at hatchin

Factors Altering the Temporal and Within-Plant Distribution of Coccinellids in Corn and Their Impact on Potential Intra-guild Predation

In New York, the primary coccinellid in corn and sweet corn (Zea mays, L.) has historically been Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer). However, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) has also been observed the last few years. The objectives of this study were to document the level of establishment of both species in corn and sweet corn and to understand their interactions. The temporal and within-plant distributions of all coccinellids were recorded for 3 yr. The results indicated that H. axyridis and C. maculata were the only abundant coccinellids in corn and sweet corn, with adults and larvae of both species having distinct temporal and within-plant distributions. C. maculata adults were found earlier in the season and lower on the plant than H. axyridis adults. Larvae of both species were often found at the same time and were lower on the plant than their respective adults. Temporal distributions of both species were correlated to crop maturity, aphid density, planting date, and corn type, but not to nearby vegetation. The within-plant locations were correlated to crop maturity, aphid density, planting date, nearby vegetation, and the presence of conspecific coccinellids. While the distribution of each population was unique, some C. maculata and H. axyridis shared time and space, providing the potential for intra-guild predation. An encounter between H. axyridis and C. maculata was most likely to occur when the corn had high aphid populations during pollen shed. These extraguild food sources minimize intra-guild predation, allowing these two species to co-exist in New York corn and sweet corn field

Behavior of Neonate Diamondback Moth Larvae (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Glossy-Leafed Resistant Brassica oleracea L

The dispersal and survival of neonate diamondback moth larvae, Plutella xylostella (L.), were measured on normal bloom susceptible ‘Round-Up' cabbage and a resistant genotype descended from glossy cauliflower, PI 234599. During the first 24 h after hatching, neonate P. xylostella dispersed more rapidly and initiated fewer mines on the resistant glossy 2518 than on ‘Round-Up'. Also, a greater proportion of neonates were found dead on 2518 than on ‘Round-Up'. Individual neonates had significantly higher movement rates on three glossy resistant genotypes of Brassica oleracea than on two normal bloom types. Movement rates were negatively correlated with percentage of larvae surviving to fourth instar. Removal of leaf epicuticular waxes with dichloromethane or disruption of the wax morphology eliminated the difference in movement rate on ‘Round-Up' and 8329, a glossy cabbage descended from PI 234599. Headspace vapor of 8329 or ‘Round-Up' plants did not affect movement rates of neonate P. xylostella. The results indicate that wax morphology is of primary importance in producing increased larval movement rates on glossy resistant lines. Wax chemistry may also contribute to the effect. Neonate nonpreference for leaf wax characteristics is proposed as the mechanism of resistance to P. xylastella in glossy B. olerace

Predation of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Eggs in Sweet Corn by Generalist Predators and the Impact of Alternative Foods

Generalist predators are common in most agricultural cropping systems. However, pest control from these predators is often overlooked as a component of integrated pest management (IPM) because the extent of predation is generally unknown and difficult to assess. In western New York sweet corn (Zea mays L.), the primary predators are Orius insidiosus (Say), Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), and Harmonia axyridis (Pallas). European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)] is the primary insect pest. The objectives of this study were to compare O. nubilalis egg predation rates for these three species and to understand how egg predation by these predators is affected by the availability of alternative food. Laboratory data indicate that all three predators feed on O. nubilalis eggs. C. maculata consumed more eggs than H. axyridis or O. insidiosus. Immatures of C. maculata and O. insidiosus readily completed development on a diet of O. nubilalis eggs, but H. axyridis larvae could not complete development on this diet. The presence of corn leaf aphids [Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)] and corn pollen reduced egg predation per insect for some stage of all species. The reduction in O. nubilalis egg predation associated with the presence of aphids was confirmed in field cage studies and was similar among the coccinellid populations tested. Field studies comparing aphids, predator populations, and O. nubilalis egg predation show that reduced egg predation per insect more than offsets the higher populations encountered when aphids and pollen are numerous, resulting in less biological control of O. nubilalis when alternative foods are availabl

Combinatorial Pharmacogenomic Algorithm is Predictive of Citalopram and Escitalopram Metabolism in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

Pharmacogenomic tests used to guide clinical treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) must be thoroughly validated. One important assessment of validity is the ability to predict medication blood levels, which reflect altered metabolism. Historically, the metabolic impact of individual genes has been evaluated; however, we now know that multiple genes are often involved in medication metabolism. Here, we evaluated the ability of individual pharmacokinetic genes (CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4) and a combinatorial pharmacogenomic test (GeneSight Psychotropic(R); weighted assessment of all three genes) to predict citalopram/escitalopram blood levels in patients with MDD. Patients from the Genomics Used to Improve DEpression Decisions (GUIDED) trial who were taking citalopram/escitalopram at screening and had available blood level data were included (N=191). In multivariate analysis of the individual genes and combinatorial pharmacogenomic test separately (adjusted for age, smoking status), the F statistic for the combinatorial pharmacogenomic test was 1.7 to 2.9-times higher than the individual genes, showing that it explained more variance in citalopram/escitalopram blood levels. In multivariate analysis of the individual genes and combinatorial pharmacogenomic test together, only the combinatorial pharmacogenomic test remained significant. Overall, this demonstrates that the combinatorial pharmacogenomic test was a superior predictor of citalopram/escitalopram blood levels compared to individual genes