Physicochemical, Technofunctional, In Vitro Antioxidant, and in Situ Muscle Protein Synthesis Properties of a Sprat (Sprattus Sprattus) Protein Hydrolysate

This study characterized the physicochemical, technofunctional, and in vitro antioxidant properties along with the AA profile and score of a sprat protein enzymatic hydrolysate (SPH). Furthermore, the impact of the SPH on the growth, proliferation, and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in skeletal muscle (C2C12) myotubes was examined. The SPH displayed good solubility and emulsion stabilization properties containing all essential and non-essential AAs. Limited additional hydrolysis was observed following in vitro-simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) of the SPH. The SGID-treated SPH (SPH-SGID) displayed in vitro oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) activity (549.42 μmol TE/g sample) and the ability to reduce (68%) reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in C2C12 myotubes. Muscle growth and myotube thickness were analyzed using an xCELLigenceTM platform in C2C12 myotubes treated with 1mg protein equivalent.mL−1 of SPH-SGID for 4 h. Anabolic signaling (phosphorylation of mTOR, rpS6, and 4E-BP1) and MPS (measured by puromycin incorporation) were assessed using immunoblotting. SPH-SGID significantly increased myotube thickness (p \u3c 0.0001) compared to the negative control (cells grown in AA and serum-free medium). MPS was also significantly higher after incubation with SPH-SGID compared with the negative control (p \u3c 0.05)

Relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipid-lowering agents and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of observational studies (<i>n</i> = 355,591) and randomized controlled trials (<i>n</i> = 165,988).

IntroductionThe impact of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) on the risk of different types of strokes is unclear. Therefore, we systematically evaluated the impact of LDL-C levels (cohort studies) and lipid-lowering agents (LLAs) (randomized controlled trials) on the different types of stroke.Material and methodsPubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched up to 1st September 2019. The DerSimonian-Laird method and generic inverse variance methods were used for quantitative data synthesis. The leave-one-out method was performed as sensitivity analysis. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used to evaluate the optimal sample size to detect a 35% reduction in outcomes after administration of LLAs.ResultsParticipants in the highest category of LDL-C had a lower risk of hemorrhagic stroke (RR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85-0.98, I 2 = 0%) compared with the lowest category of LDL-C. Subjects with the highest category of LDL-C had a higher risk of ischemic stroke (RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07-1.14, I 2 = 0%) compared to the lowest LDL-C category. LLAs decreased the risk of all types of strokes for those who achieved LDL-C I 2 = 53%, n = 13). Statin therapy decreased the risk of all strokes (RR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97, ARR = 0.6%, NNT = 167, I 2 = 56%). With regard to ischemic stroke only, LLAs decreased the risk of ischemic stroke for those who achieved LDL-C I 2 = 0%); the same was observed for statins (RR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.69-0.84, ARR = 1.3%, NNT = 77, I 2 = 32%). TSA indicated that both benefit boundaries and optimal sample size were reached. There was no significant effect of LLAs regardless of the achieved level of LDL-C on the risk of hemorrhagic stroke; however, TSA indicated that further studies are needed to settle the question and most of the effects were subject to high levels of heterogeneity.ConclusionsOur study sheds light on the debatable association between low LDL-C and different type of strokes. This information can help determine the optimal LDL-C range for stroke prevention, and help plan future LLA studies

Nutrient patterns are associated with discordant apoB and LDL: a population-based analysis

Individuals with discordantly high apoB to LDL-cholesterol levels carry a higher risk of atherosclerotic CVD compared with those with average or discordantly low apoB to LDL-cholesterol. We aimed to determine associations between apoB and LDL-cholesterol discordance in relation to nutrient patterns (NP) using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Participants were grouped by established LDL-cholesterol and apoB cut-offs (Group 1: low apoB/low LDL-cholesterol, Group 2: low apoB/high LDL-cholesterol, Group 3: high apoB/low LDL-cholesterol, Group 4: high apoB/high LDL-cholesterol). Principle component analysis was used to define NP. Machine learning (ML) and structural equation models were applied to assess associations of nutrient intake with apoB/LDL-cholesterol discordance using the combined effects of apoB and LDL-cholesterol. Three NP explained 63·2 % of variance in nutrient consumption. These consisted of NP1 rich in SFA, carbohydrate and vitamins, NP2 high in fibre, minerals, vitamins and PUFA and NP3 rich in dietary cholesterol, protein and Na. The discordantly high apoB to LDL-cholesterol group had the highest consumption of the NP1 and the lowest consumption of the NP2. ML showed nutrients that had the greatest unfavourable dietary contribution to individuals with discordantly high apoB to LDL-cholesterol were total fat, SFA and thiamine and the greatest favourable contributions were MUFA, folate, fibre and Se. Individuals with discordantly high apoB in relation to LDL-cholesterol had greater adherence to NP1, whereas those with lower levels of apoB, irrespective of LDL-cholesterol, were more likely to consume NP3

Adverse Impact of Desulfovibrio spp. and Beneficial Role of Anaerostipes spp. on Renal Function: Insights from a Mendelian Randomization Analysis

Background: The microbiota composition is now considered as one of the main modifiable risk factors for health. No controlled study has been performed on the association between microbiota composition and renal function. We applied Mendelian randomization (MR) to estimate the casual impact of eight microbiota genera on renal function and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: MR was implemented by using summary-level data from the largest-ever genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted on microbiota genera, CKD and renal function parameters. The inverse-variance weighted method (IVW), weighted median (WM)-based method, MR-Egger, MR-Robust Adjusted Profile Score (RAPS), MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (PRESSO) were applied. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out method. Results: The Anaerostipes genus was associated with higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the overall population (IVW: &beta; = 0.003, p = 0.021) and non-diabetes mellitus (DM) subgroup (IVW: &beta; = 0.003, p = 0.033), while it had a non-significant association with the risk of CKD and eGFR in DM patients. Subjects with higher abundance of Desulfovibrio spp. had a significantly lower level of eGFR (IVW: &beta; = &minus;0.001, p = 0.035); the same results were observed in non-DM (IVW: &beta; = &minus;0.001, p = 0.007) subjects. Acidaminococcus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus and Megamonas had no significant association with eGFR in the overall population, DM and non-DM subgroups (IVW: p &gt; 0.105 for all groups); they also presented no significant association with the risk of CKD (IVW: p &gt; 0.201 for all groups). Analyses of MR-PRESSO did not highlight any outlier. The pleiotropy test, with very negligible intercept and insignificant p-value, also indicated no chance of pleiotropy for all estimations. The leave-one-out method demonstrated that the observed links were not driven by single single-nucleotide polymorphism. Conclusions: Our results suggest an adverse association of Desulfovibrio spp. and a beneficial association of Anaerostipes spp. with eGFR. Further studies using multiple robust instruments are needed to confirm these results

A cell-based assessment of the muscle anabolic potential of blue whiting (micromesistius poutassou) protein hydrolysates

Blue whiting (BW) represents an underutilised fish species containing a high-quality protein and amino acid (AA) profile with numerous potentially bioactive peptide sequences, making BW an economic and sustainable alternative source of protein. This study investigated the impact of three different BW protein hydrolysates (BWPH-X, Y and Z) on growth, proliferation and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in skeletal muscle (C2C12) myotubes. BWPHs were hydrolysed using different enzymatic and heat exposures and underwent simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID), each resulting in a high degree of hydrolysis (33.41–37.29%) and high quantities of low molecular mass peptides (86.17–97.12% </p