The study of kinetics and thermodynamics of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products on agriculture soil

Pollution of the aquatic environment by human and veterinary waste pharmaceuticals is an increasing area of concern but little is known about their ecotoxicological effects on wildlife. In this study, three pharmaceuticals were selected (ibuprofen, amoxicillin and caffeine) as examples that are released in the environment. All of them are marketed in the Palestinian market (Pharmacies), private clinics and hospitals. The adsorption of the selected pharmaceuticals was examined by batch sorption experiments onto agriculture soil. Pharmaceuticals adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order adsorption model. Adsorption isotherms were best fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model. The “n” parameters were higher than 1 and the Kf values for all of them were less than 1. High removal rates of amoxicillin and ibuprofen were achieved in acidic media (pH = 1-4) and reached more than 88% Except for the caffeine increased at higher pH and reached more than 92%. The thermodynamics parameters showed that the adsorption process on soil was spontaneous and exothermic

Adsorption of diclofenac from aqueous solution using Cyclamen persicum tubers based activated carbon (CTAC)

AbstractThis study aims to use the tissues of Cyclamen persicum tubers to prepare activated carbon (CTAC) by different methods then to set up a thermodynamic study of the pharmaceutical diclofenac sodium (DCF) adsorption from aqueous solution onto this activated carbon. Optimum percent of DCF removal was 72% when CTAC dosage was 0.25g and DCF concentration 50mg/L. Percentage removal of DCF increases when the concentration of DCF increases as the maximum percentage removal reached 81% when DCF concentration was 70mg/L and 0.7g CTAC and pH ranging from 6 to 2.Freundlich model describes efficiently adsorption isotherm of DCF onto CTAC with n equal to 1.398 whose value indicates a favorable adsorption. This finding validates the assumption of multilayer physical adsorption process of DCF. The results showed that DCF was physically adsorbed onto CTAC, as confirmed by the values of ΔH° minor than 40kJ/mol. As ΔG° had negative charge, the adsorption process is exothermic, and the adsorption process of the DCF onto CTAC is spontaneous, depending on temperature

Development of Film Coated Atrovastatin Calcium Tablet Using OPADRY-OY

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the stability of film coated Atorvastatin Calcium (AtC) tablets using Opadry-OY-B-28920. AtC uncoated tablets were developed and manufactured through the Wet Granulation process. Opadry-OY-B-28920 white aqueous coating dispersion was used as film coating material. The film coated tablets were completely disintegrated within 10 minutes in water media, it was also completely dissolved (more than 85% of the drug was released) within 30 minutes in pH 6.8 buffer solutions. The film coated tablets were studied under both long term and accelerated stability study and the results showed no significant variation in physical characteristics, color, hardness, no obvious defects or signs of peeling or chipping. These results reflect that the film coated system Opadry-OY-B-28920 can be successfully used in order to produce AtC film coated tablet that is protected from environmental conditions such as light and humidity.These findings suggest that aqueous film coating with Opadry-OY-B-28920 system is an easy and economical approach for preparing stable film coated AtC tablet of immediate release

Inhibitive Action of Sodium tetrafluoroborate on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Medieum

The inhibitive action of Sodiumtetrafluoroborate(NaBF4) on corrosion of carbon steel (CS) in 1.0M HCl was studied by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The measurements show that the inhibition efficiencies increase with the increasing of NaBF4 concentrations but decrease with increasing of the temperatures. This reveals that the inhibitive action of the inhibitor was mainly due to the adsorption on the carbon steel surface by blocking of the active sites. The above results showed that NaBF4 acted as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor. The adsorption of NaBF4on the carbon steel surface obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. This was supported by the impedance measurements which showed a change in the charge transfer resistance and double layer capacitance, indicating the adsorption of NaBF4 on the carbon steel surface. Thermodynamic parameters of the studied inhibitor were calculated and discussed

Health Risk Associated with Some Trace and Some Heavy Metals Content of Harvested Rainwater in Yatta Area, Palestine

Rainwater is considered a dependable source for domestic purposes within rural areas in Palestine. Harvested rainwater stored in cisterns is used to leverage deficits from municipal water supplies. Harvested rainwater in areas surrounded with industrial and agricultural activities is usually contaminated with heavy and trace metals. To study the effects of human exposure to heavy and trace metals, 74 harvested rainwater samples of rain-fed cisterns were collected from different localities in the Yatta area of Palestine in the months of January and February of 2016. The water samples were analysed for Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, K, Na, Ag, Li, Co, Ba, Bi, Sr, Ga, V, Rb, Mo, Beand Tl elements utilizing ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). The selected trace metals were found within the concentration limits of the acceptable values, in accordance with WHO and Palestinian standards, except for K and Al, which were found above the allowed limits. The potential risks of the selected trace metals on the health of the local residents, as well as the possible sources of such heavy metals, were also studied. The Chronic daily intake (CDI) of each metal and health risk indexes (HRI) were calculated for both adults and children residents. The oral ingestion pathway was studied, including exposure via drinking water. The values for CDI were found in the descending order of: Ca > Mg > Na > K > Sr > Fe > Al > Ba > Li > V > Rb > Ag > Mo > Ga > Co > Bi > TI > Be. The values of HRI were below 1 for most of the selected heavy metals, expect for Li for children, indicating potential health risk. The study also predicted that the local residents have a higher chance of developing cancer in their lifetime, especially children, with respect to the carcinogenic risk (CRing) values for Na, Mg, Al, Ba, K, Ca, Fe and Sr, which were greater than standardized limits (>106). The rest of the selected elements were within the acceptable limit in the five different studied locations. Furthermore, univariate, multivariate and statistical analysis depending on one-way ANOVA, inter-metal correlation, cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that geogenic and anthropogenic activities were major sources of drinking water contamination by heavy metals in the Yatta area.The authors would like to thank Yatta municipality for helping in samples collection, the households that facilitated our sampling, and Al-Quds University where water samples were analysed

Development of Film Coated Atrovastatin Calcium Tablet Using OPADRY-OY

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the stability of film coated Atorvastatin Calcium (AtC) tablets using Opadry-OY-B-28920. AtC uncoated tablets were developed and manufactured through the Wet Granulation process. Opadry-OY-B-28920 white aqueous coating dispersion was used as film coating material. The film coated tablets were completely disintegrated within 10 minutes in water media, it was also completely dissolved (more than 85% of the drug was released) within 30 minutes in pH 6.8 buffer solutions. The film coated tablets were studied under both long term and accelerated stability study and the results showed no significant variation in physical characteristics, color, hardness, no obvious defects or signs of peeling or chipping. These results reflect that the film coated system Opadry-OY-B-28920 can be successfully used in order to produce AtC film coated tablet that is protected from environmental conditions such as light and humidity.These findings suggest that aqueous film coating with Opadry-OY-B-28920 system is an easy and economical approach for preparing stable film coated AtC tablet of immediate release

The fate of leachate of pharmaceuticals like amoxicillin, ibuprofen and caffeine in the soil using soil columns

From an environmental engineering point of view, pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics are a group of man-made chemicals of concern entering the environment in concentrations at which, the health effects are unknown. The problem that may be created by the presence of antibiotics at low concentrations in the environment is the development of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. In this study, three pharmaceutical drugs manufactured in Palestine were studied in waste water and their adsorption in agriculture soil was studied using soil columns. During the study of soil columns, it was noted that the concentration of caffeine in leachate was higher than that of ibuprofen and amoxicillin, as caffeine has higher aqueous solubility. Ibuprofen and amoxicillin were present in leachate with very small concentrations, due to their degradation and decomposition into other substances that may be harmful, and affect the natural properties of soil, groundwater and human health. The decomposition percentages of the pharmaceuticals in the soil columns were 97.82, 97.88 and 86.52% for amoxicillin, ibuprofen and caffeine for one year’s study, respectively. For the fifteen years, the decomposition percentages were 94.04, 96.60 and 93.70% for amoxicillin, ibuprofen and caffeine, respectively

Synthesis and Biological Activities of a Novel Naringin based Heterocyclic Derivatives

A number of naringin based heterocyclic derivatives dioxolane and  imidazolidine have been synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant and biological activities. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized compounds were verified on the basis of spectral and elemental methods of analysis. Investigation of antibacterial activity of these compounds was determined by measuring  MIC value using broth micro dilution method for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, among the various synthesized compounds. Dioxolane showed the highest antibacterial activity with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.125mg/ml, in addition  this compound exhibit the best antioxidant activity with inhibition concentration (IC50) of 18.7 μg/mL, compared with other semi synthetic derivative

Effect of chlorine group position on adsorption behavior and corrosion inhibition of Chlorobenzylideneamino-5-methyl-2, 4-dihydro-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thione Schiff bases: Experimental study

The corrosion inhibition and adsorption of 4-(n-Chlorobenzylideneamino)-5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (n-CBAT) Schiff bases has been investigated on steel electrode in 1.0 M HCl by using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The results show that all n-CBAT are good inhibitors, and inhibition efficiency follows the order:4-CBAT <3-CBAT <2-CBAT. Polarization curves reveal that all studied inhibitors are mixed type. The adsorption of each inhibitor on mild steel surface obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. EIS spectra exhibit one capacitive loop and confirm the inhibitive ability. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior with addition of 1×10−3Mof n-CBAT added was studied in the temperature range 30–60◦C. The thermodynamic parameters activation were determined and discussed

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid by 5,5',5''-(nitrilotris (methylene)) tris-(8-quinolinol) : Experimental, theoretical and molecular dynamic studies

The influence of 5,5',5''-(nitrilotris (methylene)) tris-(8-quinolinol), noted (NMQ8), on mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl was studied by weight loss, electrochemical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), theoretical calculation and molecular dynamic methods. The results obtained for NMQ8 showed a good inhibition effect on the mild steel in the 1 M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with a corresponding increase in the NMQ8 concentration, and the best inhibition of 92.78% occurred at a NMQ8 concentration of 1 mM. The potentiodynamic studies revealed that investigated NMQ8 act as mixed type inhibitor. Activation energy (Ea), equilibrium constant (Kads), free energy of adsorption (ΔG°ads) were calculated and discussed. The studied inhibitor obeyed Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. The adsorption behavior and inhibition mechanism of studied compound on the surface of mild steel were studied by quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It was found that the compound show the highest ability to donate and accepting electrons while the MD simulations show the high adsorption energy of the molecules on Fe (110) surface