The Relationship of Self-Concept and Locus of Control

Purpose of the Study: The primary purpose of this study was to investigate whether relationships could be found between certain characteristics of one\u27s self-concept and locus of control. This paper is a report of that study. Method of Study: Data contained in this study were gathered by utilizing the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and the Rotter\u27s I-E (Internal-External) Scale. A total of one hundred 1980 Rantoul High School psychology and physics students were administered the above standardized tests. The sex factor was included to see if there were any noticeable characteristics among students with relationship to their test scores. The Rotter\u27s (1966) Locus of Control (I-E) Scale consists of a twenty-nine item forced-choice questionnaire with six filler items to make the test\u27s purpose somewhat more ambiguous. The items deal specifically with the subjects\u27 perceptions about the nature of the world and their control over life\u27s events. The test was scored in the external direction with the score indicating the number of external choices. Fitt\u27s (1965) Tennessee Self Concept Scale is an objective Likert-type instrument measuring three internal and five external dimensions of self-concept. These two areas are denoted as the \u27\u27internal and external reference points. An internal frame of reference indicates how a person describes himself, as opposed to an external reference point indicating how the person uses external sources to describe himself. The internal reference point is divided into three areas: identity, self satisfaction, and behavior. The external point of view is divided into five areas including physical self, moral-ethical self, personal self, family self, and social self. The P scale indicates an overall level of self-esteem. Fitts has described the test as a well-standardized, multidimensional scale that measures self-concept. The scale has been shown to have high internal consistency, test reliability, and construct validity. Conclusions: This study was an examination of the relationship between the Internal-External (Locus of Control) Scale and the P + N scale of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, indicating a positive or negative self concept. This study utilized high school Physics and Psychology students. From this study, the following conclusions were drawn: There were 60 (60.0%) males and 40 (40.0%) females, for a total of 100 students. A t-test for two independent samples was used to test differences between male and female subjects. For the I-E scale, t (98) = -0.455 with p = 0.6499. For the TSCS, t (98) = -0.292 with p = 0.7708. There was no significant difference between scores made by males and females on the I-E scale and the TSCS. Of these groups, 74 (74.0%) were 18 years old, and 26 (26.0%) were 17 years old during testing. Thus it was concluded that the average subject age was 18. Data obtained from the I-E scale indicated that males tended to be more internal than females. The two groups obtained means above their national norms. Both groups\u27 scores within their TSCS norms. Females on the whole, tended to obtain higher average self-concept scores than the males on the TSCS. When the scores were combined, scores made on the I-E scale were negatively correlated with scores obtained on the TSCS, thus high scores on the I-E scale tended to indicate lower scores on the TSCS; while low scores on the I-E scale were correlated with higher scores on the TSCS. Given an I-E scale score, within the boundaries of this study, one can validly predict scores on the TSCS. Recommendations: The following recommendations are stated as guides for further study relative to the characteristics of the relationship between locus of control and self-concept: It is recommended that a study be undertaken to investigate exactly how. people become internally and externally motivated. It is recommended that a study be undertaken to investigate the problems encountered in maintaining a positive self-concept and what things contribute to a positive versus a negative self-concept. It is recommended that further study be done in the areas comparing locus of control with self-concept. It is recommended that further study be done to determine why females tend to have a more external orientation when compared to males. It is recommended that further study be done to determine what effects on internal locus of control and a positive self-concept have on adaptation to society

IsabellaDalle-DonneAndreaScaloniD. AllanButterfieldWiley Intersciences Series on Mass SpectrometryDominic M.DesiderioNico M.NibberingRedox Proteomics: From Protein Modifications to Cellular Dysfunction and Diseases2006John Wiley and Sons, IncHoboken, NJ, USASeries Editors, ISBN 0-471-72345-2, Hardcover, $160 US, 944 pp

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Children’s Learning from Touch Screens: A Dual Representation Perspective

Parents and educators often expect that children will learn from touch screen devices, such as during joint e-book reading. Therefore an essential question is whether young children understand that the touch screen can be a symbolic medium – that entities represented on the touch screen can refer to entities in the real world. Research on symbolic development suggests that symbolic understanding requires that children develop dual representational abilities, meaning children need to appreciate that a symbol is an object in itself (i.e., picture of a dog) while also being a representation of something else (i.e., the real dog). Drawing on classic research on symbols and new research on children’s learning from touch screens, we offer the perspective that children’s ability to learn from the touch screen as a symbolic medium depends on the effect of interactivity on children’s developing dual representational abilities. Although previous research on dual representation suggests the interactive nature of the touch screen might make it difficult for young children to use as a symbolic medium, the unique interactive affordances may help alleviate this difficulty. More research needs to investigate how the interactivity of the touch screen affects children’s ability to connect the symbols on the screen to the real world. Given the interactive nature of the touch screen, researchers and educators should consider both the affordances of the touch screen as well as young children’s cognitive abilities when assessing whether young children can learn from it as a symbolic medium

Letter to the Editor re "Four essential drugs needed for quality care of the dying: a Delphi-study based international expert consensus opinion"

High-quality patient care can be defined as an approach that minimizes harm whilst aligning with people's expectations. Dying people and their relatives have articulated that they expect health care providers to manage physical and psychological symptoms well, with expectations even higher when such care is delivered by specialist services. Despite excellent intentions, palliative care clinicians and researchers have done little to improve systematically the evidence base for prescribing when people are actually dying. Few data exist to inform clinicians' understanding of how people's actual experiences align with their articulated wishes. Symptoms are managed based on relatives' and staff's assumptions of the experience of the dying person, with a “good death” often being seen as quiet and calm. Achieving this often requires sedation, for which the dying person will very rarely have given consent. This requires consideration, especially when evidence suggests people facing death will forgo symptom control to remain as alert and interactive for as long as possible. We ignore patients' wishes at our peril if we are to be truly patient centered

Medicaid spending burden among beneficiaries with treatment-resistant depression.

AIM: To evaluate Medicaid spending and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). MATERIALS & METHODS: TRD beneficiaries were identified from Medicaid claims databases (January 2010-March 2017) and matched 1:1 with major depressive disorder (MDD) beneficiaries without TRD (non-TRD-MDD) and randomly selected patients without MDD (non-MDD). Differences in HRU and per-patient-per-year costs were reported in incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and cost differences (CDs), respectively. RESULTS: TRD beneficiaries had higher HRU than 1:1 matched non-TRD-MDD (e.g., inpatient visits: IRR = 1.41) and non-MDD beneficiaries (N = 14,710 per cohort; e.g., inpatient visits: IRR = 3.42, p \u3c 0.01). TRD beneficiaries incurred greater costs versus non-TRD-MDD (CD = US$4382) and non-MDD beneficiaries (CD = US$8294; p \u3c 0.05). CONCLUSION: TRD is associated with higher HRU and costs versus non-TRD-MDD and non-MDD. TRD poses a significant burden to Medicaid

End-of-life research: do we need to build proxy consent into all clinical trial protocols studying the terminal phase?

Research into symptoms that occur at the end of life is paramount for ensuring we provide the best possible care for patients in the terminal phase, yet obtaining informed consent from the study participant is not possible at the time these symptoms occur. Importantly, these questions cannot be answered in any clinical population and defining the net clinical effect of medications used, for example, for noisy respiratory secretions is crucial if the quality of care is to be further improved