Stability of the film flow passing round the cross-section elements in the area of high density irrigation

The paper studies the loss of stability of a liquid film using regular surface roughness. The model of the breakdown process is described and the conditions for the formation of a liquid film breakdown are determined experimentally. It was found that there are two characteristic modes, namely drop and film regimes. Using the methods of thermal anemometry, data were obtained on the distribution of the droplet sizes after a film breakdown and the dependence of the We number on the projection arrangement height was plotted. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant No. 17-38-50069

Study of natural convection development in narrow vertical channels

The process of heat transfer due to natural convection in narrow vertical water-filled pipes is considered. Experimental and simulation data are given. The mechanism of natural convection development is analysed. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Anaerobic conversion of biomass upon disintegration in ultrasonic fields of low intensity

Disintegration is the destruction of the cell structure to release all its contents. This process facilitates bacteria access to nutrients and it results in a substrate decomposition rate increase. We can use thermal (the brief heating below one hundred degrees temperature at normal pressure or higher one hundred degrees temperature at enhanceable pressure) and chemical (enzymes and catalysts addition, which can positively influence the process speed), biochemical and physical-mechanical methods (the sonication). © 2014 WIT Press

Unsteady forced convection heat transfer of a stationary and rotating sphere: Experimental Investigation

Unsteady forced convection heat transfer of a stationary and rotating sphere in an open-loop air system was experimentally investigated with an aim to evaluate the influence of sphere rotation rate on the heat transfer enhancement. A special-purpose conical diffuser having a circular cross-section with constant divergence angle has been carefully designed and adopted as a passive rotating technique. The effect of inlet Re number, non-dimensional rotational speed, and initial surface temperature on heat transfer enhancement are examined. It is observed from the comparison made that there are significant differences between the stationary and rotating sphere of heat transfer behavior. The experimental results of heat transfer behavior in terms of heat flux q and Nusselt number Nu, respectively, expose that q decreases with increase of non-dimensional rotational speed, while Nu increases with the increase of non-dimensional rotational speed around 600%. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Analysis of the hydropower potential of the Krasnoufimsky District

The article deals with the hydropower potential of the existing reservoirs of the Krasnoufimsky district. The results of power calculations and calculated power generation at the existing dams of the Krasnoufimsky district under different types of regulation are presented.В статье рассматривается гидроэнергетический потенциала существующих водохранилищ Красноуфимского района. Приведены результаты расчетов мощностей и расчетной выработки электроэнергии на существующих плотинах Красноуфимского района при различных видах регулирования

The study of passive vibration dampers in pipelines using PIV-methodology for single phase flow

An experimental investigation of the study for pulsed particle visualization of micro tracers using the PIV technique was conducted. The purpose of the study was to obtain the velocity distribution in straight and turns of the pipeline and influence of different geometries of the inserts (swirlers) on the cause of the pr?ssure gr?dient on the ?uter and inn?r w?lls of the p?rts. The visualization of fluid flow consisting tracer particles was determined. In order to study the flow pattern a design of passive devices was performed and put into experimentation to investigate the flow field. The PIV-technique and equipment allow the analytical study of the microstructure for hydr?dynamic fluid fl?w and the msurement of piping vibration after passing through the passive damper. It was found that the use of the improved devices leads to the reduction of piping vibration at 25-50%. It was possible to figure out the velocity distribution pattern as well as the visualization of the swirling of the fluid flow based on PIV technique. © 2017 WIT Press

Evolution of the Safety of Fast Neutron Reactors

In its history, fast neutron reactors (BR) have gone through a long evolutionary period. However in general, BRs have gone the way of the evolutionary development. The function of retention radioactivity in case of an accident was performed by BRs safety vessels. For protection against external influences, new BR projects must be constructed containments. In the function of the reactor core cooling, changes have occurred related to the transition of the emergency cooling from the water circuit to the intermediate sodium circuit. Developments in emergency cooling systems are associated with the placement of an emergency heat exchanger inside the reactor, and the use of natural circulation in sodium and air. In the function on reactivity controlling due to the increase in core sizes, difficulties arise with the suppression of positive reactivity caused by sodium void reactivity effect. Therefore, in BR projects, the use of sodium plenum over the fuel part of the core and / or use of heterogeneous cores are needed. With an increase in the core sizes, the risk of jamming the long shifts of emergency rods increases. Therefore, it is advisable to transfer the safety rods to the hydraulic suspension in a sodium stream. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.This work was supported in accordance with Act 211 of the Government of the Russian Federation, contract No. 02.A03.21.0006

Thermodynamic Modeling of Cogeneration Mini CHP Using Air Conversion of Diesel Fuel and Electrochemical Generator

At present, the production of electrical and heat power uses diesel-generator technology with a limited service life of engines and extremely low efficiency of the expensive fuel used. In this paper, an innovative technology has been considered for the combined electrical and heat power production using the preliminary conversion of diesel fuel into synthesis gas with its subsequent supply to a high temperature electrochemical generator (ECG). Synthesis gas for the operation of the electrochemical generator was produced by air conversion of motor diesel fuels in a catalytic burner reactor. On the basis of heat balances of the burner, ECG and waste-heat boiler-utilizer, electrical efficiency of the solid oxide fuel cells’ (SOFC) battery, chemical efficiency of the burner, the temperature at the SOFC anode, the EMF of the planar cell, a portion of hydrogen oxidized at the SOFC anode, specific consumption of diesel fuel for the production of electrical and heat power were calculated. Specific consumption of diesel fuel for the production of electrical and heat power was found to be equal to 114 g/kWh (162 g r.f./kW·h) and 31.7 kg/GJ (45.1 kg r.f./GJ, 189 kg r.f./ Gcal), respectively. Specific fuel consumption is similar to an up-to-date CHP and is significantly lower than the consumption of modern diesel-electric stations of equal power.The article was prepared with the financial support of the Government of the Russian Federation (Contract No 02.A03.21.0006)

The Role of Energy in Overcoming Demographic and Climate Threats

10995/27938Взрывной рост населения планеты, радикальное повышение стандартов энергообеспечения имеют следствием резкое повышение объемов потребления энергоресурсов и антропогенной нагрузки на окружающую среду и климат. Естественно, что развивающиеся страны используют в первую очередь энергоисточники, имеющие наибольший уровень EROEI, т.к это позволяет достичь энергетического благополучия в кратчайшие сроки и обеспечивает качество жизни современных поколений. Из известных технологий надежного и экологически безопасного производства энергии на сегодняшний день в лидеры уверенно выходит атомная энергетика. Набирается положительный опыт использования всех типов возобновляемых источников энергии. В тоже время использование основного загрязнителя биосферы–органического топлива составляет в мире более 90% и не имеет реалистичных тенденций к снижению в ближайшие десятилетия. Быстро развивающиеся экономики Китая, Индии, стран Латинской Америки и Африканского континента, где проживает большая часть населения планеты, не могут быть ограничены в развитии вследствие равенства людей перед богом в угоду странам уже имеющим высокий уровень промышленности и энергетики. Насущным требованием сегодняшнего дня является создание технологий сберегающих ограниченные ресурсы природных топлив (газ, уголь, уран и пр.), максимально снижающих антропогенную нагрузку на биосферу и повышающих эффективность использования энергии у потребителей. В данной работе рассматривается возможный вариант совместного использования всех видов доступных на сегодняшний день энергетических технологий для создания надежной энергетики и достижения синергетического эффекта в снижении экологической нагрузки и минимизации потребления топлив. Показано, что создание атомно-теплоэнергетических станций, дополненных пиковыми солнечно-ветровыми источниками позволяет реально снизить удельные расходы ядерного и органического топлива на 25-30%, объемы потребления водных ресурсов 1,5 раза, антропогенные газовые выбросы в атмосферу в 2,5 раза.The explosive growth of the world’s population, the radical increase in energy supply standards have resulted in a sharp increase in the volume of energy consumption and anthropogenic pressure on the environment and climate. Naturally, developing countries primarily use energy sources that have the highest level of EROEI, because this allows us to achieve energy well-being in the shortest possible time and ensures the quality of life of modern generations.Among the well-known technologies of reliable and environmentally safe energy production, nuclear power is now confidently becoming the leader. We are gaining positive experience in using all types of renewable energy sources. At the same time, the use of the main pollutant of the biosphere– organic fuel in the world is more than 90% and has no realistic trends to decrease in the coming decades. The rapidly developing economies of China, India, Latin America and the African continent, where most of the world’s population lives, cannot be restricted in development due to the equality of people before God in favor of countries that already have a high level of industry and energy. The urgent requirement of today is the creation of technologies that save the limited

Results of experiment by work grid-connected photovoltaic station in annual cycle

В работе представлены результаты экспериментального исследования годовой выработки электроэнергии фотоэлектрической станцией, имеющей прямое соединение с электрической сетью. Установлено, что коэффициенты использования установленной мощности подобной ФЭС для условий Уральского региона находятся в интервале 7-11 %.The results of an experimental study of the annual electricity production of photovoltaic station which has a direct connection to the electrical grid. It was found that the capacity factor for grid – connected photovoltaic stations in the conditions of the Ural region is about of 7-11%