Radiation hardness and lifetime studies of photodiodes for the optical readout of the ATLAS semiconductor tracker

A large sample (96) of epitaxial Si PIN photodiodes has been irradiated by ~1 MeV neutrons and 24 GeV protons with fluences up to 10E15 equivalent 1 MeV neutrons per square cm in order to test their suitability for use in the optical readout of the ATLAS semiconductor tracker and pixel detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. After an initial reduction of 30the responsivity remains constant up to the maximum fluence. The rise and fall times are not significantly affected and remain below 1 ns. Although the dark current increases linearly with increasing neutron fluence, its level remains below 100 nA which is negligible in comparison to the operating photocurrent which is above 100 microamps. Enhance ageing studies at 60 degrees C have also been carried out and no failure has occurred after an equivalent of 360 years of operation

Inclusionary control? Theorizing the effects of penal voluntary organizations’ work

Recent penal policy developments in many jurisdictions suggest an increasing role for voluntary organizations. Voluntary organizations have long worked alongside penal institutions, but the multifaceted ways their programmes affect (ex-)offenders remain insufficiently understood. This article addresses the implications of voluntary organizations’ work with (ex-)offenders, using original empirical data. It adds nuance to netwidening theory, reframing the effects of voluntary organizations’ work as inclusionary and exclusionary. Exclusionary effects sometimes have inclusionary aspects, and inclusionary effects are constrained by a controlling carceral net. We propose the novel concept of inclusionary control. This is not an alibi for punishment but enables rich analysis of the effects of voluntary organizations’ work, and raises possibilities for change in penal practice