A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE

Immediate effect of smoking on young athletes in respect of selected physiological variables influencing aerobic performance. The purpose of this research was to investigate immediate effect of smoking on aerobic performance to promote or reject smoking before any cardiovascular endurance activity. For this experiment 16 young athletes age between 20 to 24 years with Mean age of approximately 23 years were randomly selected as subject; and for physiological variables those are closely associated with aerobic capacity were selected, Tests - i. Pulse Rate per Minute: Before Cooper Test (CT) – Immediate after completion of CT – 3 Minutes after recovery; ii. Blood Pressure in mmHg: Before CT - 3 Minutes after recovery; iii. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) in Liters/Minute: Before CT – 3 Minutes after recovery; iv. Oxygen Saturation (SpO2) in Percentage: Before Cooper Test (CT) – Immediate after completion of CT – 3 Minutes after recovery; v. Blood Sugar in mmole/Liter: Before CT - 3 Minutes after recovery; and to find performance Cooper Test (CT) to measure Cardiovascular Endurance in Kilometer were selected. Researchers came to following conclusion out of through and judicious analysis from collected data.Smoking influenced on the pulse rate taken before the aerobic capacity test.Blood Presser level rose test taken immediate before CT test in both systolic and diastolic due to smoking cigarette.Lung capacity measured in FVC remarkably influenced by smoking.SpO2 remain in normal range before CT and 3 minutes after with smoking and without smoking but immediate after test score hit to 80% in both the conditions. No impact of smoking was recorded on O2 saturation in terms of Mean value.Smoking increased Blood sugar level in 3 minutes after recovery test.Cooper test performance scores were severely reduced by smoking.On Body Mass Index Smoking had very little or no impact in investigation.  Article visualizations

COMPARISON OF SIMPLE CHOICE VISUAL REACTION TIME BETWEEN ATHLETE AND SEDENTARY UNIVERSITY WOMEN STUDENTS

The purpose of this study was to compare the university women athletes and sedentary women students in respect of simple choice visual reaction time (SCVRT) of hands. Method: 40 university women students were randomly selected as subject and each group consisted of 20 students, and age ranged between 17 to 25 years. SCVRT of the subjects were tested of both the hands using the subject’s index figure. Reaction Time (RT) was measured five times of both the hands of the subjects and the first two digits of milliseconds of average of five trials were considered as the experimented RT data for the study. Audio-Visual Reaction (AVR) Timer machine was used to collect RT data. Result: Paired sample t-test of strong and weak hands of athletes and sedentary women university students together shows that strong hand mean = 18.28 ms, SD = 1.71 ms, and weak hand mean = 21.08 ms and SD = 2.17 ms, t(0.05)(39) = -8.84 and p = 0.00. Further, an independent sample t-test of both the hands between athletes and sedentary women students show that in the strong hand athletes mean = 17.95 ms and SD = 1.96 ms, and sedentary mean = 18.60 ms and SD = 1.39 ms, t(0.05)(38)= -1.21 and p = 0.23. Whereas, in the weak hand athletes mean = 20.70 ms and SD = 2.56 ms, and sedentary mean = 21.45 ms and SD = 1.67 ms; t(0.05)(38)= -1.10 and p = 0.28. Conclusion: It is concluded that among the university athletes and sedentary women students’ strong hand is faster than that of their weak hand in terms of simple choice visual reaction time, and athletes and sedentary women students’ strong and weak hand quickness is almost the same in the population. However, women athletes maintain little superiority over sedentary women students based on SCVRT quickness in both cases of strong and weak hand in the sample.  Article visualizations

COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF PROGRESSIVE SPEED TRAINING PROGRAM OF TRIBAL AND NON-TRIBAL BOYS

Speed is one of the vital motor abilities that need to start the developmental process at the early ages of the players. The study aims to identify the progression of progressive speed training basis on the duration of training of the Santali tribe and Bengali teen boys. Subjects were Santali tribe and Bengali adolescent schoolboys and their ages ranged between 13 to 15 years selected from Bankura District of West Bengal, India. These two groups were further divided into control and experimental groups and in each of the groups, there were 20 students. Initially, 4 weeks of uniform conditioning trainings were given to all groups before the pretest T1 was conducted. Further, consecutively 3 more post-tests were conducted every 4 weeks after providing progressive speed training. For the comparison, MANOVA, ANOVA, and LSD post hock test were employed and the Mean value was seen in the descriptive part. The result of the study reveals that Non-tribal (Bengali) and Tribal (Santali) adolescent schoolboys responded positively with the designed progressive speed training. This progression of tests timing took place progressively over time on the Bengali and Santali boys almost similarly. Though the Santali boys took the upper hand over Bengali boys numerically at the final stage of progression in the timing of the speed test, on the contrary in the first two post-tests, T2 & T3 progression took place almost in the same fashion. It is concluded that alike progressive speed training is almost equally effective for Santali tribe and Bengali adolescent boys for the development of sprinting ability. Article visualizations

Identifying Vulnerable Zones of Goal during Penalty Kicks in Soccer Goalkeeping

Background: In association football (Soccer), a penalty kick holds immense importance as one decisive kick can determine the outcome of years of hard work. Objective: The study aims to examine the frequency and success rate of penalty shootouts executed by Bangladeshi male footballers in various zones of the goal to categorize zone-specific vulnerability, strength, and frequency. Materials and Methods: Male sixty-two (n=62) field players and thirty-two (n=32) goalkeepers aged 15-30 were selected for the study. The goal was divided into 12 zones for study. A camera (GoPro 11) was placed outside the penalty area. Visual and video analysis with Kinovia motion analysis software was conducted simultaneously. Percentage and Chi-square tests were employed for statistical analysis. Results: The results show the highest goal-scoring percentages by zone in the following sequence: 1 (100%), 4 (94%), 3 (82%), 2 (64%), 12 (54%), 9 (52%), 5 (51%), 8 (50%), 6 (29%), 10 (18%), 11 (15%), and 7 (13%). In terms of targeted kick percentages, the order by zone from highest to lowest is as follows: 12 (20%), 9 (19%), 5 (13%), 8 (12%), 10 (12%), 4 (6%), 6 (5%), 7 (5%), 3 (4%), 2 (4%), 11 (4%), and 1 (3%). Pearson's Chi-square value is 59.234 with df = 11, and p = .000, indicating a statistically significant association between the zones in goal and the outcomes (goal or save). Conclusions: Most kicks target the lower side of the goalposts, with scoring chances increasing when kicked farther and higher, revealing different vulnerabilities across different areas in the goal

Effect of cardiovascular fitness on performance metrics in Bangladeshi women cricket: a role-specific analysis employing the harvard step test

Background: Cardiovascular fitness is essential for sports performance, enabling players to endure intense training, delay fatigue, and reduce injury risk—all critical factors for achieving optimal results in competitive sports like cricket. Emphasizing inclusive health ensures that all athletes enhance their cardiovascular fitness and overall performance. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the impact of cardiovascular fitness, assessed using the Harvard Step Test, on the performance indicators of Bangladeshi women cricketers across their respective playing roles. Method: 104 players, including 34 batters, 38 bowlers, and 32 all-rounders, were voluntarily selected from the “Bangladesh National Women’s Cricket League 2021-22”. Cardiovascular fitness was evaluated through the Harvard Step Test, and role-specific performance metrics such as strike rate, bowling economy, and dismissal rates were analyzed. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA to assess differences in aerobic fitness across player roles and correlation analyses to examine the relationships between performance metrics and Harvard Step Test scores. Results: The multi-group comparison did not reveal a statistically significant difference in aerobic fitness across the playing roles, F(2, 101) = 0.668, p = 0.515. Additionally, the Harvard Step Test scores showed a weak and statistically non-significant relationship with role-specific performance metrics: strike rate (r = 0.20, p = 0.06) for batters, bowling economy (r = -0.09, p = 0.51) for bowlers, and dismissals (r = 0.10, p = 0.38) for fielders. Conclusion: Cardiovascular efficiency is similar across batters, bowlers, and all-rounders among Bangladeshi women cricketers. The Harvard Step Test score is not directly associated with role-specific performance in women's cricket. These findings suggest that training programs should adopt a holistic physical fitness approach, incorporating role-specific training to enhance the overall abilities of female cricketers and contribute to the development of women's cricket in Bangladesh

COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF PROGRESSIVE SPEED TRAINING PROGRAM OF TRIBAL AND NON-TRIBAL BOYS

Speed is one of the vital motor abilities that need to start the developmental process at the early ages of the players. The study aims to identify the progression of progressive speed training basis on the duration of training of the Santali tribe and Bengali teen boys. Subjects were Santali tribe and Bengali adolescent schoolboys and their ages ranged between 13 to 15 years selected from Bankura District of West Bengal, India. These two groups were further divided into control and experimental groups and in each of the groups, there were 20 students. Initially, 4 weeks of uniform conditioning trainings were given to all groups before the pretest T1 was conducted. Further, consecutively 3 more post-tests were conducted every 4 weeks after providing progressive speed training. For the comparison, MANOVA, ANOVA, and LSD post hock test were employed and the Mean value was seen in the descriptive part. The result of the study reveals that Non-tribal (Bengali) and Tribal (Santali) adolescent schoolboys responded positively with the designed progressive speed training. This progression of tests timing took place progressively over time on the Bengali and Santali boys almost similarly. Though the Santali boys took the upper hand over Bengali boys numerically at the final stage of progression in the timing of the speed test, on the contrary in the first two post-tests, T2 &amp; T3 progression took place almost in the same fashion. It is concluded that alike progressive speed training is almost equally effective for Santali tribe and Bengali adolescent boys for the development of sprinting ability.&#x0D; &#x0D; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0856/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</jats:p

Identifying Vulnerable Zones of the Goal during Penalty Kicks in Soccer Goalkeeping

Background: In association football (Soccer),a penalty kick holds immense importance as one decisive kick can determine the outcome of years of hard work. Objective: The study aims to examine the frequency and success rate of penalty shootouts executed by Bangladeshi male footballers in various zones of the goal to categorize zone-specific vulnerability, strength, and frequency.Materials and Methods: Male sixty-two(n=62) field players and thirty-two(n=32) goalkeepers aged 15-30 were selected for the study. The goalwas divided into 12 zones for study. A camera (GoPro 11)was placed outside the penalty area. Visual and video analysis with Kinovia motion analysis software was conducted simultaneously. Percentage and Chi-square tests were employed for statistical analysis. Results: The results show the highest goal-scoring percentages by zone in the following sequence: 1 (100%), 4 (94%), 3 (82%), 2 (64%), 12 (54%), 9 (52%), 5 (51%), 8 (50%), 6 (29%), 10 (18%), 11 (15%), and 7 (13%). In terms of targeted kick percentages, the order by zone from highest to lowest is as follows: 12 (20%), 9 (19%), 5 (13%), 8 (12%), 10 (12%), 4 (6%), 6 (5%), 7 (5%), 3 (4%), 2 (4%), 11 (4%), and 1 (3%). Pearson's Chi-square value is 59.234 with df= 11, andp= .000, indicating a statistically significant association between the zones in goal and the outcomes (goal or save). Conclusions: Most kicks target the lower side of the goalposts, with scoring chances increasing when kicked farther and higher, revealing different vulnerabilities across different areas in the goal.Antecedentes: En el fútbol, un tiro penal tiene una importancia inmensa, ya que un tiro decisivo puede determinar el resultado de años de arduo trabajo. Objetivo: El estudio busca examinar la frecuencia y la tasa de éxito de las tandas de penaltis ejecutadas por futbolistas bangladesíes en varias zonas de la portería para categorizar la vulnerabilidad, la fuerza y la frecuencia específicas de cada zona. Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron sesenta y dos (n=62) jugadores de campo y treinta y dos (n=32)porteros de entre 15 y 30 años para el estudio. La portería se dividió en 12 zonas para el estudio. Se colocó una cámara (GoPro 11) fuera del área penal. Se realizó simultáneamente un análisis visual y de video con el software de análisis de movimiento Kinovia. Se emplearon pruebas de porcentaje y chi-cuadrado para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: Los resultados muestran los porcentajes más altos de anotación por zona en la siguiente secuencia: 1 (100%), 4 (94%), 3 (82%), 2 (64%), 12 (54%), 9 (52%), 5 (51%), 8 (50%), 6 (29%), 10 (18%), 11 (15%) y 7 (13%). En términos de porcentajes de tiro dirigido, el orden por zona de mayor a menor es el siguiente: 12 (20%), 9 (19%), 5 (13%), 8 (12%), 10 (12%), 4 (6%), 6 (5%), 7 (5%), 3 (4%), 2 (4%), 11 (4%) y 1 (3%).El valor de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson es 59.234 con gl = 11 y p = .000, lo que indica una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las zonas en portería y los resultados (gol o parada). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los tiros tienen como objetivo la parte inferior de los postes de la portería, y las posibilidades de gol aumentan cuando se patean más lejos y más alto, lo que revela diferentes vulnerabilidades en distintas áreas del arco