The Effect of Various Finishing and Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness of Four Composite Resin Materials –An in Vitro Study

ABSTRACTAim: To compare the effect of three finishing and polishing systems having different abrasives and clinical steps on surface roughness of four types of composite resins i.e. microfilled composite, hybrid composite, packable composite and nanofilled composite resins.Materials and methods:    The composite resins examined in this study include Microfilled composite Heliomolar® (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan,  Liechtenstein), Hybrid composite Filtek™Z250 (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), Packable composite Filtek™P60  (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), Nanofilled composite  Filtek™Z350 XT (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA). Specimens (N=80 , Twenty for each composite material) measuring 10 mm in diameter x 5 mm in thickness were fabricated in split metal mould covered with a Mylar strip using four composite resins. A control group of five specimens of each material received no polishing after being cured under the Mylar strip. Fifteen specimens for each composite were randomly divided among three finishing and polishing systems (n=5) Sof- Lex™(3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) OptraPol ( Ivoclar Vivadent , Schaan,  Liechtenstein) Enhance®PoGo™ Complete kit ( Dentsply Caulk, Milford, DE, USA).The average surface roughness (Ra, μm) was measured with Profilometer Surfcom–130A Surface Roughness Tester (Carl Zeiss). Results were statistically analyzed by One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post-hoc Tukey’s Multiple comparison test at a p<0.05 significance level.Results: Significant differences were found for the surface roughness. The ranking order of surface roughness on the basis of the type of composite was as follows:  Packable composite > Hybrid composite > Microfilled composite > Nanofilled composite; and the ranking for the finishing and polishing systems: Enhance/PoGo < Mylar strip< Sof-Lex < OptraPol. There were no statistically significant differences created between Enhance/PoGo, Mylar strip, Sof-lex, however smoother surfaces were obtained with Enhance/PoGo system Conclusion: Nanofilled Composites showed excellent polishability. Enhance/PoGo polisher produced smoothest surfaces Considering the reduced steps, application time and achievement of Mylar strip like surfaces two-step Enhance/PoGo polisher might be the preferred system for polishing composites

Clinical Management of Horizontal Mid-Root Fracture in Maxillary Central Incisor - A Case Report

Root fractures are defined as fracture of tooth that involves cementum, dentin and pulp, comprising from 0.5 to 7% of injuries in permanent dentition. Diagnosis is made through clinical and radiographic examination, the later frequently being limited by the position of the fracture. Treatment varies according to the displacement and vitality of the fragments. The objective of this clinical case report is to represent the reinforcement of a mid- root fracture using fiber post as intraradicular splint and restoring its esthetics by porcelain fused to metal crown. The fragments were stabilized with a glass fiber post and patient has been on follow-up for one year. Follow-up of the case showed promising results both clinically and radiographically