508 research outputs found
Participation in Social Activities among Adolescents with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Background: Little is known about patterns of participation in social activities among adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The objectives were to report nationally representative (U.S.) estimates of participation in social activities among adolescents with an ASD, to compare these estimates to other groups of adolescents with disabilities, and examine correlates of limited social participation. Methods and Findings: We analyzed data from wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2, a large cohort study of adolescents enrolled in special education. Three comparison groups included adolescents with learning disabilities, mental retardation, and speech/language impairments. Adolescents with an ASD were significantly more likely never to see friends out of school (43.3%), never to get called by friends (54.4%), and never to be invited to social activities (50.4%) when compared with adolescents from all the other groups. Correlates of limited social participation included low family income and having impairments in conversational ability, social communication, and functional cognitive skills. Conclusions: Compared with prior research, our study significantly expands inquiry in this area by broadening the range of social participation indicators examined, increasing the external validity of findings, focusing on the under-studied developmental stage of adolescence, and taking an ecological approach that included many potential correlates of social participation. There were notable differences in social participation by income, a dimension of social context seldo
Postsecondary Employment Experiences among Young Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Objective: We examined postsecondary employment experiences of young adults with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and compared these outcomes with those of young adults with different disabilities. Method: Data were from Wave 5 of the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2 (NLTS2), a nationally representative survey of young adults who had received special education services during high school. We examined the prevalence of ever having hadâand currently havingâa paid job at 21â25 years of age. We analyzed rates of full employment, wages earned, number of jobs held since high school, and job types. Results: About half (53.4%) of young adults with an ASD had ever worked for pay outside the home since leaving high school, the lowest rate among disability groups. Young adults with an ASD earned an average of $8.10 per hour, significantly lower than average wages for young adults in the comparison groups, and held jobs that clustered within fewer occupational types. Odds of ever having had a paid job were higher for those who were older, from higher-income households, and with better conversational abilities or functional skills. Conclusions: Findings of worse employment outcomes for young adults with an ASD suggest this population is experiencing particular difficulty in successfully transitioning into employment. Research is needed to determine strategies for improving outcomes as these young adults transition into adulthood
Minutes 1875
https://place.asburyseminary.edu/freemethodistminutesyearbooks/1013/thumbnail.jp
Shocks in supersonic sand
We measure time-averaged velocity, density, and temperature fields for steady
granular flow past a wedge and calculate a speed of granular pressure
disturbances (sound speed) equal to 10% of the flow speed. The flow is
supersonic, forming shocks nearly identical to those in a supersonic gas.
Molecular dynamics simulations of Newton's laws and Monte Carlo simulations of
the Boltzmann equation yield fields in quantitative agreement with experiment.
A numerical solution of Navier-Stokes-like equations agrees with a molecular
dynamics simulation for experimental conditions excluding wall friction.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figure
Short-term resource allocation during extensive athletic competition
© 2017 The Authors. American Journal of Human Biology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Objectives: Following predictions from life history theory, we sought to identify acute trade-offs between reproductive effort (as measured by psychological arousal) and somatic maintenance (via functional measures of innate immunity) during conditions of severe energetic imbalance. Methods: Sixty-six male ultramarathon runners (ages 20 to 37 years) were sampled before and after a lengthy race. Saliva and sera were collected for testosterone and immunological analyses (hemolytic complement activity and bacterial killing ability). Lean body mass was assessed by bioelectrical impedance, and libido was measured using a slideshow of arousing and neutral images. Results: Following predictions, there was a significant decrease in salivary testosterone levels (109.59 pg/mL versus 97.61 pg/mL, P <.001) and arousal scores in response to provocative images (5.40 versus 4.89, P =.001) between prerace and postrace time points. Additionally, participant bacterial killing ability (P =.035) and hemolytic complement activity (P =.021) increased between prerace and postrace. Conclusions: Decreased libido and testosterone with concomitant heightened innate immune responses suggest a shift in energetic priorities away from reproduction and toward maintenance/defense during a period of energetic stress
A Continuum Description of Vibrated Sand
The motion of a thin layer of granular material on a plate undergoing
sinusoidal vibrations is considered. We develop equations of motion for the
local thickness and the horizontal velocity of the layer. The driving comes
from the violent impact of the grains on the plate. A linear stability theory
reveals that the waves are excited non-resonantly, in contrast to the usual
Faraday waves in liquids. Together with the experimentally observed continuum
scaling, the model suggests a close connection between the neutral curve and
the dispersion relation of the waves, which agrees quite well with experiments.
For strong hysteresis we find localized oscillon solutions.Comment: paper has been considerably extended (11 instead of 6 pages; 6
instead of 4 figures) much better agreement with experiment. obtain now
oscillons in 1 dimensio
Transport Coefficients for Granular Media from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Under many conditions, macroscopic grains flow like a fluid; kinetic theory
pred icts continuum equations of motion for this granular fluid. In order to
test the theory, we perform event driven molecular simulations of a
two-dimensional gas of inelastic hard disks, driven by contact with a heat
bath. Even for strong dissipation, high densities, and small numbers of
particles, we find that continuum theory describes the system well. With a bath
that heats the gas homogeneously, strong velocity correlations produce a
slightly smaller energy loss due to inelastic collisions than that predicted by
kinetic theory. With an inhomogeneous heat bath, thermal or velocity gradients
are induced. Determination of the resulting fluxes allows calculation of the
thermal conductivity and shear viscosity, which are compared to the predictions
of granular kinetic theory, and which can be used in continuum modeling of
granular flows. The shear viscosity is close to the prediction of kinetic
theory, while the thermal conductivity can be overestimated by a factor of 2;
in each case, transport is lowered with increasing inelasticity.Comment: 14 pages, 17 figures, 39 references, submitted to PRE feb 199
Stability of the Autism Diagnostic InterviewâRevised from Pre-School to Elementary School Age in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
This study examined the stability of scores on the ADI-R from pre-school to elementary school age in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Participants were 35 children who, at T1, all had a clinical diagnosis of ASD. On initial assessment (mean age 3.5 years; SD 0.6), all met ADI-R algorithm criteria for autism. ADI-R assessments were repeated at follow up (FU; mean age 10.5 years; SD 0.8). Changes in ADI-R total, domain and ADI-R algorithm item scores were assessed. Twentyeight children continued to score above the ADI-R cut-off for autism at FU, although significant decreases in ADI-R domain and item scores were also found. In conclusion, while classification of children according to ADI-R criteria, generally remained stable between pre-school and elementary school age, many children demonstrated significant improvements in symptom severity
Speech rhythm: a metaphor?
Is speech rhythmic? In the absence of evidence for a traditional view that languages strive to coordinate either syllables or stress-feet with regular time intervals, we consider the alternative that languages exhibit contrastive rhythm subsisting merely in the alternation of stronger and weaker elements. This is initially plausible, particularly for languages with a steep âprominence gradientâ, i.e. a large disparity between stronger and weaker elements; but we point out that alternation is poorly achieved even by a âstress-timedâ language such as English, and, historically, languages have conspicuously failed to adopt simple phonological remedies that would ensure alternation. Languages seem more concerned to allow âsyntagmatic contrastâ between successive units and to use durational effects to support linguistic functions than to facilitate rhythm. Furthermore, some languages (e.g. Tamil, Korean) lack the lexical prominence which would most straightforwardly underpin prominence alternation. We conclude that speech is not incontestibly rhythmic, and may even be antirhythmic. However, its linguistic structure and patterning allow the metaphorical extension of rhythm in varying degrees and in different ways depending on the language, and that it is this analogical process which allows speech to be matched to external rhythms
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