Twelfth rib syndrome: role of intercostal blocks: case series of 10 patients

Twelfth rib syndrome (TRS) is a rare condition that causes severe pain in the loin. It is often misdiagnosed, leading to unnecessary investigations and treatments. Intercostal blocks in the 11th and 12th rib often resolve the pain for these patients. In this research paper, we aim to explore the role of intercostal block in the management of TRS based on our experience with 10 patients. Data of patients who were diagnosed with TRS were studied retrospectively from our hospital records who have been given intercostal block injection from the period of Jan 2022 to August 2023 as an audit.  Four patients underwent intercostal blocks. VAS scores were measured in follow-up for 1 and 3 months. 4 patients were lost to follow up and hence not considered in this study. The male to female ratio was 7:3. There was a statistically significant reduction in VAS score at 1 month and 3 months compared to pre-injection times. Patients who have failed conservative management for TRS can be effectively managed with intercostal block injections

Alkylation of xylenes with isopropyl alcohol over acidic clay supported catalysts: efficacy of 20% w/w Cs<SUB>2.5</SUB>H<SUB>0.5</SUB>PW<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>40</SUB>/K-10 clay

The alkylation of xylenes with propylene or isopropyl alcohol (IPA) over solid acid catalysts results in the formation of isopropyl xylenes (dimethyl cumenes). However, the use of propylene as an alkylating agent at very high temperatures leads to coke formation, which results in deactivation of the catalyst. The present work covers evaluation of acidic clay-supported catalysts and sulfated zirconia. A variety of solid acid catalysts such as K-10 clay, sulfated zirconia, Filtrol-24, 20% w/w dodecatungstophosphoric acid (H<SUB>40</SUB> PW<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>40</SUB>, DTP) supported on K-10 clay, and 20% w/w cesium-substituted dodecatungstophosphoric acid (Cs<SUB>2.5</SUB>H<SUB>0.5</SUB>PW<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>40</SUB>, Cs-DTP) supported on K-10 clay under much milder conditions. The best catalyst to achieve maximum conversion and selectivity was determined to be 20% w/w Cs-DTP/K-10 clay. The reactions were conducted in the liquid phase at relatively low reaction temperatures (160−190 °C). The reaction was performed without using any solvent, and the process subscribes to the principles of green chemistry. The catalytic activity has the following order: 20% w/w Cs-DTP/K-10 clay (most active) > 20% w/w DTP/K-10 clay > Filtrol-24 > sulfated zirconia > K-10 clay (least active). The desired product could be efficiently obtained, with selectivities up to 95% at an isopropanol conversion of 98% after 2 h over 20% w/w Cs-DTP/K-10 clay. This process can be a replacement for the existing processes that are based on zeolites, where high temperature and pressure are required. A systematic investigation of the effects of various operating parameters was accomplished and a mathematical model is developed to describe the reaction pathway and validated against experimental results. An overall second-order kinetic equation was used to fit the data, under the assumption that all the species are weakly adsorbed on the catalytic sites

Atom efficient Friedel–Crafts acylation of toluene with propionic anhydride over solid mesoporous superacid UDCaT-5

Friedel–Crafts acylation is ubiquitous in industry and is typically carried out by using more than stoichiometric quantities of homogeneous catalysts. This creates pollution. In this work, acylation of toluene was studied in liquid phase with propionic anhydride with a variety of solid superacids to produce 4′-methylpropiophenone (4′-MPP). The solid superacids were modified versions of zirconia, namely, UDCaT-4, UDCaT-5 and UDCaT-6 developed in our laboratory; amongst which UDCaT-5 was the most active, selective and robust catalyst. The effects of various reaction parameters on the rate of reaction and selectivity were investigated to deduce the intrinsic kinetics of the reaction. The reaction is free from any external mass transfer as well as intraparticle diffusion limitations and is intrinsically kinetically controlled. The acylation conditions were: temperature 180 °C, toluene to propionic anhydride molar ratio 5:1, catalyst loading 0.06 g cm<SUP>-3</SUP>, speed of agitation 1000 rpm, under autogenous pressure in a stainless steel autoclave reactor. Propionic acid generated in situ also reacts sequentially with toluene to give 4′-MPP. A conversion of 62% of priopionic anyhydride is obtained after 3 h, with 100% mono-acylated product containing 67% 4′-MPP. Water is the only co-product of the overall reaction. A suitable kinetic model was developed. The reactions were carried out without using any solvent in order to make the process cleaner and greener

Friedel-Crafts alkylation of mesitylene with tert-butyl alcohol over novel solid acid catalyst UDCaT-5

Alkylation of mesitylene with tert-butyl alcohol in the presence of novel mesoporous superacidic catalysts, namely, UDCaT-4, UDCaT-5 and UDCaT-6 was investigated. The catalysts are modified versions of zirconia showing high catalytic activity, stability and reusability in the presence of water as compared to conventional sulfated zirconia. The catalytic activity is in the order: UDCaT-5 (most active) > UDCaT-6 > UDCaT-4 > sulfated zirconia (S-ZrO2) (least active). The synergistic effect of the very high sulfur content present (9% w/w S) and the preservation of the tetragonal phase in UDCaT-5, in comparison with sulfated zirconia (4% w/w S), were responsible for higher catalytic activity. A catalyst ensuring the production of 2-tert-butyl-mesitylene (2-TBMT) with 98% selectivity and 94% conversion of tert-butanol (TBA) was developed under optimum reaction conditions. The formation of products is correlated with the acidity of the catalyst. The reactions were conducted in liquid phase at relatively low reaction temperatures (120150 °C). A systematic investigation of the effects of various operating parameters was accomplished and a mathematical model is developed to describe the reaction pathway and validated with experimental results. The reaction was carried out without using any solvent in order to make the process cleaner and greener. An overall second order kinetic equation was used to fit the experimental data, under the assumption that both mesitylene and tert-butanol are weakly adsorbed. An independent dehydration study of tert-butanol (TBA) was also done

SOME COMMON FIXED POINT THEOREMS IN BANACH SPACES

Our aim of this paper is to obtain some fixed point and common fixed point theorems in  space satisfying different rational contractive conditions. Key Words: Banach  space, fixed point, common fixed poin

RATIONAL TYPE CONTRACTION MAPPING IN T- ORBITALLY COMPLETE METRIC SPACE

Our aim of this paper is to obtain some common fixed point theorems in  orbitally metric space satisfying different rational contractive conditions. Key Words: T-orbital metric space, fixed point, common fixed poin

Synthesis of carvacrol by Friedel-Crafts alkylation of o-cresol with isopropanol using superacidic catalyst UDCaT-5

Background: Alkylation of o-cresol with propylene or isopropyl alcohol (IPA) over solid acid catalysts results in the formation of carvacrol, which finds potential applications in the synthesis of fine chemicals, intermediates, specialty chemicals, flavours and fragrances. Results: The present work covers evaluation of novel mesoporous superacidic catalysts namely UDCaT-4, UDCaT-5 and UDCaT-6 in the greener synthesis of carvacrol. The catalysts are modified versions of zirconia showing high catalytic activity, stability and reusability. The catalytic activity increases in the following order: UDCaT-5 > UDCaT-4 > UDCaT-6 > sulfated zirconia. The process was optimized and a mathematical model developed to describe the reaction pathway in liquid phase. Carvacrol could be efficiently obtained with a selectivity up to 82% at an isopropanol conversion of 98% after 2 h over UDCaT-5 at 180 °C. Conclusion: The reaction is free from any external mass transfer as well as intraparticle diffusion limitations and is intrinsically kinetically controlled. An overall second-order kinetic equation was used to fit the experimental data. The activation energy was found to be 19.2 kcal/mol. The reaction was carried out without any solvent in order to make the process cleaner and greener

Friedel–Crafts green alkylation of xylenes with tert-butanol over mesoporous superacid UDCaT-5

Friedel–Crafts green alkylation of xylenes with tert-butanol was investigated in the presence of mesoporous superacidic catalysts named as UDCaT-4, UDCaT-5 and UDCaT-6. The catalysts are modified versions of zirconia showing high catalytic activity, stability and reusability. The catalytic activity is in the order: UDCaT-5 (most active) > UDCaT-6 > UDCaT-4 > sulfated zirconia (least active). Synergistic effect of very high sulfur content present (9% (w/w) S) and preservation of tetragonal phase in UDCaT-5, in comparison with sulfated zirconia (4% (w/w) S), were responsible for higher catalytic activity. The performance of UDCaT-5 in alkylation of xylenes was studied with tert-butanol with reference to selectivity and stability. Alkylation of m-xylene over UDCaT-5 gives 96% conversion of tert-butanol with 82% selectivity towards 5-tert-butyl-m-xylene (5-TBMX) under optimum reaction conditions. The formation of products is correlated with the acidity of the catalyst. The reactions were conducted in liquid phase at relatively low reaction temperatures (130–160 °C). A systematic investigation of the effects of various operating parameters was done to describe the reaction pathway. The reaction was carried out without any solvent in order to make the process cleaner and greener. An overall second order kinetic equation was used to fit the experimental data, under the assumption that both xylene and tert-butanol are weakly adsorbed. An independent study of dehydration of tert-butanol (TBA) was also done. Alkylation of o-xylene and p-xylene with tert-butanol was also studied. The overall process is green and clean

Generalized Symmetric Rational Contraction Principle in Metric Space

Abstract Our aim of this paper is to introduced the concept of week symmetric rational contraction principle in metric space and prove some fixed point theorems in metric spaces. Our results are generalization and extended some previous known results. 2000 AMS Subject Classification. 54A40, 54E50, 54D35