Racial Disparities in the Genetic Landscape of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer has the highest cancer-related mortality worldwide and in the United States. Reduced tobacco consumption and advancement in therapies have led to a modest decline in lung cancer death rates over the past two decades; the overall survival rate is still disappointing.  Moreover, race-associated disparities are also observed, especially in the clinical outcomes. While differences in socioeconomic status and lifestyle could be significant contributing factors, differences in the genetic landscape of lung cancer among different racial groups have also been reported.  In this review, we shed light on the genetic heterogeneity of lung cancer and race-associated differences in genetic alterations to build a framework for future studies to understand the biological basis of lung cancer disparities

KNOWLEDGE, AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS ACADEMIC INTEGRITY AMONG THE SCHOLARLY SOCIETY OF BABASAHEB BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW: A STUDY

The academic institutions are adopting various tactic and policies to make a healthy environment in support of academic integrity. In the current paper the attempt has been taken to identify the knowledge, awareness and attitude towards academic integrity among the scholarly society (under-graduate students, post-graduate students and research scholars) of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow. The study reveals that they are aware of the academic integrity and also have knowledge to support the same. The library of the university is also working in defence of the activities that breach the academic integrity

Turning Adversity into Strength and Transferring It to the Uninitiated: The Tricks Cancer Cells Play to Survive Hypoxic Stress and Fight Chemotherapy

Despite significant progress during the past few decades, cancer remains the second most common cause of death in the US after heart disease [...

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF BERGENIA LIGULATA (WALL.) LEAVES EXTRACTS

Objective: Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antifungal potential of Phytoconstituents present in leaf extracts of Bergenia ligulata (wall.) plant. Methods: The antimicrobial effects of leaves of Bergenia ligulata (wall.) were evaluated using both ethanol and aqueous extracts against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Penicillium spp. Agar well diffusion method was employed in determining the antimicrobial activity and the broth dilution method for determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. All the isolates examined were susceptible to both the ethanol, aqueous, and the combined aqueous and ethanol extracts (synergetic effect) of the Bergenia ligulata leaves. Results: The zone of inhibition ranged from 6.93 ±0.02b mm to 12.81 ±0.03a mm with Escherichia coli being the most susceptible at 12.81 ±0.03a mm to the ethanol and 11.53 ±0.02a mm to the aqueous extracts at 250 mg/ml concentration while P. aeruginosa and Penicillin spp. were the slightest susceptible at 10.88 ±0.02a mm to the ethanol and 09.76 ±0.02a mm to the aqueous extract at 250 mg/ml concentration. The control/standard antimicrobial agent (Gentamicin and Metronidazole) exhibited higher inhibitory activity than the plant extracts. The least inhibitory value of 6.25 mg/ml was produced against P. aeruginosa by the ethanolic extract and against C. albicans by the combined (aqueous and ethanol) extracts of the plant. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the leaves of Bergenia ligulata reveals the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The most abundant percentage composition observed was flavonoids (7.72%) while tannins had the least component (4.29%). Conclusion: The findings from this study show that the leaves extracts hold considerable antimicrobial activity against commonly encountered microorganisms in the environment. This therefore, implies that it can be used as a chemotherapeutic agent which will contribute to the development of antibiotic drugs against the test organisms

Root canals-from concretion to patency

Teeth with calcification provide an endodontic treatment challenge; traumatized teeth usually develop partial or total pulpal obliteration which is characterized by apparent loss of the pulp space radiographically and a yellow discoloration of the clinical crown. Since only 7-27% of such teeth develop pulp necrosis with radiographic signs of apical periodontitis, it is difficult to decide whether to treat these teeth immediately upon detection of the pulpal obliteration or to wait until signs and symptoms of pulp and/or apical periodontitis occur. This article reviews the etiology, prevalence, classification, mechanism, diagnosis as well as treatment options for teeth with pulp obliteration and the various management approaches and treatment strategies for overcoming potential complications. A search of articles from "PubMed" and "Medline" from 1965 to present was done with the keywords dental trauma, discoloration, pathfinding instruments, pulp canal obliteration, and root canal treatment was conducted. A total of 94 abstracts were collected, of which 70 relevant articles were read and 31 most relevant articles were included in this article

In vitro bonding effectiveness of self-etch adhesives with different application techniques: A microleakage and scanning electron microscopic study

Aim: To evaluate and compare the microleakage of self-etch adhesives placed under different clinical techniques and to analyze the resin-dentin interfacial ultrastructure under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Materials and Methods: 100 extracted human premolars were divided into two groups for different adhesives (Clearfil S 3 and Xeno III). Class V cavities were prepared. Each group was further divided into four subgroups (n = 10) according to the placement technique of the adhesive, i.e. according to manufacturer′s directions (Group 1), with phosphoric acid etching of enamel margins (Group 2), with hydrophobic resin coat application (Group 3), with techniques of both groups 2 and 3 (Group 4). The cavities were restored with composite. Ten samples from each group were subjected to microleakage study. Five samples each of both the adhesives from groups 1 and 3 were used for SEM examination of the micromorphology of the resin-dentin interface. Results: At enamel margins for both the adhesives tested, groups 2 and 4 showed significantly lesser leakage than groups 1 and 3. At dentin margins, groups 3 and 4 depicted significantly reduced leakage than groups 1 and 2 for Xeno III. SEM observation of the resin-dentin interfaces revealed generalized gap and poor resin tag formation in both the adhesives. Xeno III showed better interfacial adaptation when additional hydrophobic resin coat was applied. Conclusions: In enamel, prior phosphoric acid etching reduces microleakage of self-etch adhesives, while in dentin, hydrophobic resin coating over one-step self-etch adhesives decreases the microleakage