Reasons behind Child Labor in Bangladesh: Case

Bangladesh s socioeconomic realities include the problem of child labor This is a huge problem that cannot be overlooked In this study I looked at the elements that contribute to child labor in Bangladesh Poverty is the primary cause of children working as child laborers The issue of child labor has become one of the most prominent challenges in developing countries To put an end to this societies and governments must act together The government in particular must ensure that citizens basic rights are protected Following that the implementation of child labor legislation and a social boycott of child work would be an effective remed

A simple reversed phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography method development and validation for determination of Carvedilol in pharmaceutical dosage forms

A simple, sensitive and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the estimation of Carvedilol in pharmaceutical preparations. Chromatographic determination was performed on a reversed phase C 18 column (4.5 mm x 250 mm; 5 m particle size) using a mixture of Phosphate buffer: Acetonitrile (65:35) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1ml/min with UV detection at 240 nm. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, repeatability, precision, reproducibility, and specificity as per International ICH guidelines. The method was also used in determination Carvedilol content in five commercial brands available in Bangladeshi market. The method was linear in the range between 5 35 g/ml, exhibited good correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.998) and good Accuracy study (98.08 %-99.91%). The method was found to specific for Carvedilol in presence of common excipients. Statistical analysis performed with proposed method proved it to be precise, accurate and reproducible. Hence it can be employed for routine analysis of Carvedilol both in bulk and commercial formulations

Efficacy of the Swede score in prediction of high-grade lesions of cervix

Background: Cervical cancer is a preventable lesion that can be identified by stepwise screening methods. Visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid, Lugol’s iodine, pap smear, and HPV are the primary screening methods. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Swede score in predicting high-grade lesions of the cervix among patients attending a colposcopy clinic. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was performed in a colposcopy clinic under the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at CMCH. All referral patients to the colposcopy clinic were the study population. Women aged between 25-65 years was the study subject. Results: Majority (47.5%) of the patient’s Swede score was 4 and 20.1of % of patients had scores of 5-6 and only 1.3% of patients had scores ≥7%. 63 (79%) patients had low grade/normal/ cervical intraepithelial lesion (CIN) 1, 16 (20%) patients had high grade/non-invasive cancer/CIN 2 and only 1 patient had high grade/suspected invasive cancer/CIN 3. A score of 6 had a specificity of 100% for CIN 2 with a sensitivity of 30% positive and negative predictive value (PPV=100%; NPV=90.9%). Lowering the score to 5 for predicting CIN 2 improved the sensitivity at the expense of specificity (sensitivity=60%; specificity=90%; PPV= 94%; NPV=46.2%).Conclusions: Swede scoring system is consistent and reproducible, has a simple structure, and thus contributes to preventing cervical cancer. Swede score of 6 or more has 100% specificity; this scoring method is a preferred method for the treatment of high-grade CIN.

出芽酵母のTORC1不活性化で誘導されるミクロオートファジーにおけるPP2AとCdc14フォスファターゼの役割

博士（理学）doctoral創造科学技術大学院静岡大学甲第1191号ET

Investigation of biological activities of the flowers of Lagerstroemia speciosa, the Jarul flower of Bangladesh

Abstract Background Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (Family: Lythraceae) is used in traditional medicine in the treatment of diarrhea, diabetes and other diseases. The study was performed to conduct antioxidant, cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, antimicrobial, peripheral and central analgesic and hypoglycemic activity assays and phenobarbitone sodium–induced sleeping time test using crude methanol extract of flowers of L. speciosa and its different partitionates. Method The antioxidant potential was evaluated by determining the ability of the samples to scavenge 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. The cytotoxic potential was examined following the procedures of brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Thrombolytic potential was assayed using streptokinase as standard. The samples were subjected to membrane stabilizing activity assay under heat induced condition. Antimicrobial potential was observed by disc diffusion method. The ability of the extract to inhibit writhing induced by acetic acid was determined in peripheral analgesic activity assay. The extract was also tested for central analgesic and hypoglycemic activities by tail flicking and tail tipping methods in Swiss albino mice model, respectively. CNS depressant activity was evaluated by an assay in which sleep was induced in mice using phenobarbitone sodium. Results The chloroform soluble fraction of L. speciosa extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 4.20 ± 0.41 μg/ml) while the most prominent cytotoxic potency was showed by hexane soluble fraction (LC50 = 2.00 ± 0.31 μg/ml). Among the test samples, the carbon tetrachloride soluble fraction induced clot lysis (64.80 ± 0.27%) and prevented heat induced haemolysis (41.90 ± 0.10%) to the maximum extent. The largest zone of inhibition (19.0 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, was also observed for the same fraction. In peripheral analgesic activity assay, 16.68% inhibition of writhing was documented for the L. speciosa extract (400 mg/kg body weight dose). The extract (400 mg/kg dose) also reduced blood sugar level by 56.12% after three hours of administration of glucose solution. In CNS depressant activity assay, mice of the sample group slept for shorter period of time compared to control group. Conclusions From our investigation, it can be suggested that, the extract should be further studied for possible phytochemicals responsible for the observed biological activities

Rethinking for the Land

Several researchers have explored how landscape planning and design can effectively mitigate floods and leverage flood benefits in flooded land. However, these landscape planning opportunities are rarely used and rarely discussed in research areas. Generally, the people who live in flood-prone areas are economically dependent on this land. Hence, they come back repeatedly after every flood for their livelihood. For instance, Bangladesh, which suffers from floods due to its geographical location and topographical characteristics, has yet to learn about the opportunities available for landscape planning & design. In this research, Shahzadpur Upazila situated near the Jamuna River is considered a case, is the most vulnerable and flood-prone area in Sirajganj. Every year around 20000 people are suffering more or less in Shahzadpur. Many of them are obliged to do temporary migration and start from nothing all over again. Government management response commonly involves riverbank erosion treatment and non-government organization (NGO) funding only for installing tube wells and toilets. Moreover, the importance of bringing back resiliency in those lands is diverting backward due to a lack of knowledge and attention. Due to many challenges, the research focuses on only landscape planning & design before architecture. This paper presents a strategic framework that will discuss the challenges that need to be overcome and the opportunities to address each. The following three landscape planning strategies are discussed to reduce flood damage: raising the land, creating wetlands, and using agriculture as a buffer. Along with this, a mixed-method approach will shortlist the opportunities according to the villager’s needs in terms of implementation. The approaches will introduce the possibilities coming with floods and bring back resilience to the land again

Rethinking for the Land: Challenges & Landscape Planning & Design Opportunities for the Flood-Affected Land of Shahzadpur, Sirajganj

Several researchers have explored how landscape planning and design can effectively mitigate floods and leverage flood benefits in flooded land. However, these landscape planning opportunities are rarely used and rarely discussed in research areas. Generally, the people who live in flood-prone areas are economically dependent on this land. Hence, they come back repeatedly after every flood for their livelihood. For instance, Bangladesh, which suffers from floods due to its geographical location and topographical characteristics, has yet to learn about the opportunities available for landscape planning & design. In this research, Shahzadpur Upazila situated near the Jamuna River is considered a case, is the most vulnerable and flood-prone area in Sirajganj. Every year around 20000 people are suffering more or less in Shahzadpur. Many of them are obliged to do temporary migration and start from nothing all over again. Government management response commonly involves riverbank erosion treatment and non-government organization (NGO) funding only for installing tube wells and toilets. Moreover, the importance of bringing back resiliency in those lands is diverting backward due to a lack of knowledge and attention. Due to many challenges, the research focuses on only landscape planning & design before architecture. This paper presents a strategic framework that will discuss the challenges that need to be overcome and the opportunities to address each. The following three landscape planning strategies are discussed to reduce flood damage: raising the land, creating wetlands, and using agriculture as a buffer. Along with this, a mixed-method approach will shortlist the opportunities according to the villager’s needs in terms of implementation. The approaches will introduce the possibilities coming with floods and bring back resilience to the land again

Exploring the Versatility of Aerogels: Broad Applications in Biomedical Engineering, Astronautics, Energy Storage, Biosensing, and Current Progress

Aerogels are unique and extremely porous substances with fascinating characteristics such as ultra-low density, extraordinary surface area, and excellent thermal insulation capabilities. Due to their exceptional features, aerogels have attracted significant interest from various fields, including energy, environment, aerospace, and biomedical engineering. This review paper presents an overview of the trailblazing research on aerogels, aiming at their preparation, characterization, and applications. Various methods of aerogel synthesis, such as sol-gel, supercritical drying, are discussed. Additionally, recent progress in the characterization of aerogel structures, including their morphology, porosity, and thermal properties, are extensively reviewed. Finally, aerogel's utilizations in numerous disciplines, for instance, energy storage, thermal insulation, catalysis, environmental remedy, and biomedical applications, are summarized. This review paper provides a comprehensive understanding of aerogels and their prospective uses in diverse fields, highlighting their unique properties for future research and development

Critical Analysis on Characterization, Systemic Effect, and Therapeutic Potential of Beta-Sitosterol: A Plant-Derived Orphan Phytosterol

Beta-sitosterol (BS) is a phytosterol, widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and known to be involved in the stabilization of cell membranes. To compile the sources, physical and chemical properties, spectral and chromatographic analytical methods, synthesis, systemic effects, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic potentials, toxicity, drug delivery and finally, to suggest future research with BS, classical as well as on-line literature were studied. Classical literature includes classical books on ethnomedicine and phytochemistry, and the electronic search included Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and others. BS could be obtained from different plants, but the total biosynthetic pathway, as well as its exact physiological and structural function in plants, have not been fully understood. Different pharmacological effects have been studied, but most of the mechanisms of action have not been studied in detail. Clinical trials with BS have shown beneficial effects in different diseases, but long-term study results are not available. These have contributed to its current status as an “orphan phytosterol”. Therefore, extensive research regarding its effect at cellular and molecular level in humans as well as addressing the claims made by commercial manufacturers such as the cholesterol lowering ability, immunological activity etc. are highly recommended