Development of metal-based luminescent probes for applications in biomolecular structure and dynamics

New transition-metal complexes containing luminescent properties have been designed and synthesized for application as structural probes for biomolecules. Potential DNA intercalators, 2- amino-anthracene substituted triosmium clusters, were synthesized by the reactions of 2-aminoanthracene with [Os3(CO)10(CH3CN)2]. The products [Os3(CO)10(μ-η2-(N-C(1))-NH2C14H8)(μ- H)], [Os3(CO)10(μ-η2-(N-C(3))-NHC14H9)(μ-H)], [Os3(CO)9(μ-η2-(N-C(3))-NHC14H8)(μ-H)2] and [Os3(CO)9(μ3-η2-(N-C(3))-NHC10H9)(μ-H)] obtained from this reaction have been structurally characterized by spectroscopic, photophysical and electrochemical techniques. Solid state structures are also reported for the complexes [Os3(CO)10(μ-η2-(N-C(3))-NHC14H9)(μ-H)] and [Os3(CO)9(μ-η2-(N-C(3))-NHC14H8)(μ-H)2]. To investigate bio-macromolecular dynamics on the sub-microsecond-to-microsecond timescale, a series of ruthenium based mono-nuclear metalligand charge-transfer complexes (MLCs) of formula [XRu(CO)(L–L)(L′)2][PF6] (X = H, TFA, Cl; L–L = 2,2′-bipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline, 5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline and 4,4′- dicarboxylic-2,2′-bipyridyl; L′2 = 2PPh3, Ph2PC2H4PPh2, Ph2PCH=CHPPh2) have been synthesized from the starting complex K[Ru(CO)3(TFA)3] (TFA = CF3CO2) by first reacting with the phosphine ligand, followed by reaction with the L–L and anion exchange with NH4PF6. In the case of L–L = phenanthroline and L′2 = 2PPh3, the neutral complex Ru(Ph3P)(CO)(1,10- phenanthroline)(TFA)2 is also obtained and its solid state structure is reported. Solid state structures are also reported for the cationic complexes where L–L = phenanthroline, L2 = 2PPh3 and X = Cl and for L–L = 2,2′-bipyridyl, L2 = 2PPh3 and X = H. All the complexes were characterized in solution by a combination of 1H and 31P NMR, IR, mass spectrometry and elemental analyses. These complexes contain only one chelating heterocycle, which decreases the molecular symmetry and thereby increases the luminescence anisotropy. The photophysical and structural properties of these complexes indicated that these complexes can be used as potential probes to study bio-macromolecular dynamics in the presence of oxygen. The carboxy- and amine-substituted diimine ligands in [HRu(CO)(4,4’-dicarboxy-bipyridyl)(PPh3)2][PF6] and [(TFA)Ru(CO)(dppene)(5-amino-1,10phen)][PF6] have been covalently-conjugated with biomolecules by simple ligand modifications. Complex [HRu(CO)(4,4’-dicarboxybipyridyl)( PPh3)2][PF6] has been conjugated to dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) and complex [(TFA)Ru(CO)(dppene)(5-amino-1,10-phen)][PF6] conjugated to DPPE and cholesterol. The lipid and cholesterol conjugates were characterized by spectroscopic and photophysical techniques. These conjugates were incorporated in 100 nm-diameter-unilamellar lipid-membrane vesicles to investigate the photophysical properties of the probes in a model membrane environment and to evaluate the utility of these probes for investigating the physical properties of lipid membranes. These studies revealed an unusual blue shift in their luminescence in the case of the lipid conjugates while the cholesterol conjugate did not. Anisotropy studies of the conjugates revealed details about the probe dynamics in the vesicle environment

Ruthenium and osmium carbonyl clusters incorporating stannylene and stannyl ligands

The reaction of [Ru₃ (CO)₁₂] with Ph₃SnSPh in refluxing benzene furnished the bimetallic Ru-Sn compound [Ru₃(CO)₈(μ-SPh)₂(μ3-SnPh₂)(SnPh₃)₂] 1 which consists of a SnPh₂ stannylene bonded to three Ru atoms to give a planar tetra-metal core, with two peripheral SnPh₃ ligands. The stannylene ligand forms a very short bond to one Ru atom [Sn-Ru 2.538(1) Å] and very long bonds to the other two [Sn-Ru 3.074(1) Å]. The germanium compound [Ru₃(CO)₈(μ-SPh)₂(μ₃-GePh₂)(GePh₃)₂] 2 was obtained from the reaction of [Ru₃ (CO)₁₂] with Ph₃GeSPh and has a similar structure to that of 1 as evidenced by spectroscopic data. Treatment of [Os₃(CO)₁₀(MeCN)₂] with Ph₃SnSPh in refluxing benzene yielded the bimetallic Os-Sn compound [Os₃(CO)₉(μ-SPh)(μ₃-SnPh₂)(MeCN)(ƞ¹-C₆H₅)] 3. Cluster 3 has a superficially similar planar metal core, but with a different bonding mode with respect to that of 1. The Ph₂Sn group is bonded most closely to Os(2) and Os(3) [2.7862(3) and 2.7476(3) Å respectively] with a significantly longer bond to Os(1), 2.9981(3) Å indicating a weak back-donation to the Sn. The reaction of the bridging dppm compound [Ru₃(CO)₁₀(μ-dppm)] with Ph₃SnSPh afforded [Ru₃(CO)₆(μ-dppm)(μ₃-S)(μ₃-SPh)(SnPh₃)] 5. Compound 5 contains an open triangle of Ru atoms simultaneously capped by a sulfido and a PhS ligand on opposite sides of the cluster with a dppm ligand bridging one of the Ru-Ru edges and a Ph₃Sn group occupying an axial position on the Ru atom not bridged by the dppm ligand

An electron-deficient triosmium cluster containing the thianthrene ligand: Synthesis, structure and reactivity of [Os₃(CO)₉(μ3-η2-C₁₂H₇S₂)(μ-H)]

Reaction of [Os₃(CO)₁₀(CH₃CN)₂] with thianthrene at 80 °C leads to the nonacarbonyl dihydride compound [Os₃(CO)₉(μ-3,4-η²-C₁₂H₆S₂)(μ-H)₂] (1) and the 46-electron monohydride compound [Os₃(CO)₉(μ₃-η²-C₁₂H₇S₂)(μ-H)] (2). Compound 2 reacts reversibly with CO to give the CO adduct [Os₃(CO)₁₀(μ-η²-C₁₂H₇S₂)(μ-H)] (3) whereas with PPh₃ it gives the addition product [Os₃(CO)₉)(PPh₃)(μ-η²-C₁₂H₇S₂)(μ-H)] (4) as well as the substitution product 1,2-[Os₃(CO)₁₀ ((PPh₃)₂] (5) Compound 2 represents a unique example of an electron-deficient triosmium cluster in which the thianthrene ring is bound to cluster by coordination of the sulfur lone pair and a three-center-two-electron bond with the C(2) carbon which bridges the same edge of the triangle as the hydride. Electrochemical and DFT studies which elucidate the electronic properties of 2 are reported

Phenotypic and genotypic screening of rice genotypes at seedling stage for salt tolerance | Selección fenotípica y genotípica de genotipos de arroz para tolerancia a la salinidad en la etapa de plántulas

Selection for salinity tolerant genotypes of rice based on phenotypic performance alone is less reliable and will delay in progress in breeding. Recent advent of molecular markers, microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), have been useful in finding salt tolerant rice genotypes. Three selected SSR markers already known to be polymorphic, viz., RM7075, RM336 and RM253, were used to evaluate rice genotypes for salt tolerance. Phenotypic and genotypic evaluation for salinity tolerance was done at the seedling stage. Phenotyping was done in hydroponic system using salinized (EC 12 dS/m) nutrient solution following IRRI standard protocol. Large variation in salinity tolerance among the rice germplasms was detected. Salt stress (EC 12 dS/m) reduced seedling height by 19.0% and total dry matter of tolerant lines by 40.6%, whereas, total dry matter of susceptible lines were reduced by 46.0-73.5%. All the tested markers were polymorphic and were able to discriminate salt tolerant genotypes from susceptible. The genotypes having similar banding pattern with Pokkali were considered as salt tolerant. Markers RM7075, RM336 and RM253 identified eight, nine and seven salt tolerant genotypes, respectively. Through phenotypic and genotypic study, three genotypes viz., Pokkali, TNDB-100 and THDB were identified as salt tolerant rice genotypes. These SSR markers might have sequence homology with salt tolerant rice genotypes and consequently the markers could able to identify salt tolerant rice genotypes from susceptible ones. Key words: rice, salinity tolerance, SSR markers, seedling stage. RESUMEN La selección para resistencia a la salinidad de genotipos de arroz, basada solamente en el comportamiento fenotípico, es menos confiable y retarda el avance en el mejoramiento. Se han utilizado avances recientes en marcadores moleculares, microsatélites o repeticiones de secuencias simples (SSR por sus siglas en inglés) para determinar genotipos de arroz tolerantes a la salinidad. Se utilizaron tres marcadores SSR viz., RM7075, RM336 y RM253 para evaluar genotipos de arroz para tolerancia a la salinidad. La evaluación fenotípica y genotípica para la tolerancia a la salinidad se realizó en la etapa de plántula. La fenotipificación de once genotipos se realizó en un sistema hidropónico utilizando solución nutritiva salinizada (CE 12 dS/m). Se siguió el protocolo estandarizado del IRRI para evaluar la tolerancia a la salinidad. Se detectó una gran variación en la tolerancia a la salinidad entre el germoplasma de arroz. La altura de las plántulas y la materia seca total de las líneas tolerantes se redujeron en un 19,0 y 40,6%, respectivamente, bajo estrés salino (CE 12 dS/m), en tanto que las de las líneas susceptibles se redujeron en un 46,0% y 73,5%, respectivamente. Los marcadores mostraron polimorfismo y fueron capaces de discriminar los genotipos tolerantes a la salinidad de aquellos susceptibles. Los genotipos con un patrón similar de bandas a Pokkali se consideraron como tolerantes a la salinidad. Los marcadores SSR (RM7075, RM336 y RM253) identificaron ocho, nueve y siete genotipos tolerantes a la salinidad, respectivamente. A través del estudio fenotípico y genotípico, tres genotipos viz., Pokkali, TNDB-100 y THDB se identificaron como cultivares de arroz tolerantes a la salinidad. Estos marcadores SSR podrían tener homología de secuencias con genotipos de arroz tolerantes a la salinidad y por consiguiente, los marcadores podrían ser capaces de identificar genotipos de arroz tolerantes a la salinidad de aquellos susceptibles. Palabras clave: Arroz, tolerancia a la salinidad, marcadores SSR, etapa de plántulas

Reactions of Rhenium and Manganese Carbonyl Complexes with 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino)naphthalene: Ligand Chelation, C–H and C–P bond-cleavage Reactions

Reaction of [Re2(CO)8(MeCN)2] with 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino)naphthalene (dppn) afforded three mono-rhenium complexes fac-[Re(CO)3(κ1:η1-PPh2C10H6)(PPh2H)] (1), fac-[Re(CO)3{κ1:κ1:η1-(O)PPh2C10H6(O)PPh(C6H4)}] (2) and fac-[ReCl(CO)3(κ2-PPh2C10H6PPh2)] (3). Compounds 1–3 are formed by Re–Re bond cleavage and P–C and C–H bond activation of the dppn ligand. Each of these three complexes have three CO groups arranged in facial fashion. Compound 1 contains a chelating cyclometalated diphenylnaphthylphosphine ligand and a terminally coordinated PPh2H ligand. Compound 2 consists of an orthometalated dppn-dioxide ligand coordinated in a κ1:κ1:η1-fashion via both the oxygen atoms and ortho-carbon atom of one of the phenyl rings. Compound 3 consists of an unchanged chelating dppn ligand and a terminal Cl ligand. Treatment of [Mn2(CO)8(MeCN)2] with a slight excess of dppn in refluxing toluene at 72 °C, gave the previously reported [Mn2(CO)8(μ-PPh2)2] (4), formed by cleavage of C–P bonds, and the new compound fac-[MnCl(CO)3(κ2-PPh2C10H6PPh2)] (5), which has an unaltered chelating dppn and a terminal Cl ligand. In sharp contrast, reaction of [Mn2(CO)8(MeCN)2] with slight excess of dppn at room temperature yielded the dimanganese [Mn2(CO)9{κ1-PPh2(C10H7)}] (6) in which the diphenylnaphthylphosphine ligand, formed by facile cleavage of one of the P–C bonds, is axially coordinated to one Mn atom. Compound 6 was also obtained from the reaction of [Mn2(CO)9(MeCN)] with dppn at room temperature. The XRD structures of complexes 1–3, 5, 6 are reported

Genomics, social media and mobile phone data enable mapping of SARS-CoV-2 lineages to inform health policy in Bangladesh.

Genomics, combined with population mobility data, used to map importation and spatial spread of SARS-CoV-2 in high-income countries has enabled the implementation of local control measures. Here, to track the spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Bangladesh at the national level, we analysed outbreak trajectory and variant emergence using genomics, Facebook 'Data for Good' and data from three mobile phone operators. We sequenced the complete genomes of 67 SARS-CoV-2 samples (collected by the IEDCR in Bangladesh between March and July 2020) and combined these data with 324 publicly available Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh at that time. We found that most (85%) of the sequenced isolates were Pango lineage B.1.1.25 (58%), B.1.1 (19%) or B.1.36 (8%) in early-mid 2020. Bayesian time-scaled phylogenetic analysis predicted that SARS-CoV-2 first emerged during mid-February in Bangladesh, from abroad, with the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported on 8 March 2020. At the end of March 2020, three discrete lineages expanded and spread clonally across Bangladesh. The shifting pattern of viral diversity in Bangladesh, combined with the mobility data, revealed that the mass migration of people from cities to rural areas at the end of March, followed by frequent travel between Dhaka (the capital of Bangladesh) and the rest of the country, disseminated three dominant viral lineages. Further analysis of an additional 85 genomes (November 2020 to April 2021) found that importation of variant of concern Beta (B.1.351) had occurred and that Beta had become dominant in Dhaka. Our interpretation that population mobility out of Dhaka, and travel from urban hotspots to rural areas, disseminated lineages in Bangladesh in the first wave continues to inform government policies to control national case numbers by limiting within-country travel

Effects of antibiotic resistance, drug target attainment, bacterial pathogenicity and virulence, and antibiotic access and affordability on outcomes in neonatal sepsis: an international microbiology and drug evaluation prospective substudy (BARNARDS)

Background Sepsis is a major contributor to neonatal mortality, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). WHO advocates ampicillin–gentamicin as first-line therapy for the management of neonatal sepsis. In the BARNARDS observational cohort study of neonatal sepsis and antimicrobial resistance in LMICs, common sepsis pathogens were characterised via whole genome sequencing (WGS) and antimicrobial resistance profiles. In this substudy of BARNARDS, we aimed to assess the use and efficacy of empirical antibiotic therapies commonly used in LMICs for neonatal sepsis. Methods In BARNARDS, consenting mother–neonates aged 0–60 days dyads were enrolled on delivery or neonatal presentation with suspected sepsis at 12 BARNARDS clinical sites in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa. Stillborn babies were excluded from the study. Blood samples were collected from neonates presenting with clinical signs of sepsis, and WGS and minimum inhibitory concentrations for antibiotic treatment were determined for bacterial isolates from culture-confirmed sepsis. Neonatal outcome data were collected following enrolment until 60 days of life. Antibiotic usage and neonatal outcome data were assessed. Survival analyses were adjusted to take into account potential clinical confounding variables related to the birth and pathogen. Additionally, resistance profiles, pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic probability of target attainment, and frequency of resistance (ie, resistance defined by in-vitro growth of isolates when challenged by antibiotics) were assessed. Questionnaires on health structures and antibiotic costs evaluated accessibility and affordability. Findings Between Nov 12, 2015, and Feb 1, 2018, 36 285 neonates were enrolled into the main BARNARDS study, of whom 9874 had clinically diagnosed sepsis and 5749 had available antibiotic data. The four most commonly prescribed antibiotic combinations given to 4451 neonates (77·42%) of 5749 were ampicillin–gentamicin, ceftazidime–amikacin, piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin, and amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin. This dataset assessed 476 prescriptions for 442 neonates treated with one of these antibiotic combinations with WGS data (all BARNARDS countries were represented in this subset except India). Multiple pathogens were isolated, totalling 457 isolates. Reported mortality was lower for neonates treated with ceftazidime–amikacin than for neonates treated with ampicillin–gentamicin (hazard ratio [adjusted for clinical variables considered potential confounders to outcomes] 0·32, 95% CI 0·14–0·72; p=0·0060). Of 390 Gram-negative isolates, 379 (97·2%) were resistant to ampicillin and 274 (70·3%) were resistant to gentamicin. Susceptibility of Gram-negative isolates to at least one antibiotic in a treatment combination was noted in 111 (28·5%) to ampicillin–gentamicin; 286 (73·3%) to amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin; 301 (77·2%) to ceftazidime–amikacin; and 312 (80·0%) to piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin. A probability of target attainment of 80% or more was noted in 26 neonates (33·7% [SD 0·59]) of 78 with ampicillin–gentamicin; 15 (68·0% [3·84]) of 27 with amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin; 93 (92·7% [0·24]) of 109 with ceftazidime–amikacin; and 70 (85·3% [0·47]) of 76 with piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin. However, antibiotic and country effects could not be distinguished. Frequency of resistance was recorded most frequently with fosfomycin (in 78 isolates [68·4%] of 114), followed by colistin (55 isolates [57·3%] of 96), and gentamicin (62 isolates [53·0%] of 117). Sites in six of the seven countries (excluding South Africa) stated that the cost of antibiotics would influence treatment of neonatal sepsis

Water and wastewater in Bangladesh, current status and a design of a decentralized solution

Wastewater treatment in developing countries is a major concern and solution has become challenging for various unfavorable conditions. Inadequate education and low economic perspective are causing difficulties in implementing advanced treatment methods. Similar to other developing countries, Bangladesh is also facing several water related problems both in the urban and rural region. Water borne diseases are the common phenomenon among the villagers as well as for urban inhabitants. Insufficiency in wastewater treatment facility is making effluent water harmful for the environment. Most of the untreated effluent is discharge to the nearest water bodies. Nowadays water scarcity is very typical in Bangladesh. Ground water depletion is increasing with time. The country requires some urgent solution to eradicate problems regarding wastewater. High population density and economic adversity are making difficulties in implementing solution. Moreover, political issues and social restriction have a huge impact on decision making.Natural calamities such as flooding affect the country very frequently. This also makes an adverse effect on the water sector. Decentralized wastewater treatment can make a remarkable change in the wastewater issues in Bangladesh. A recommendation of implementing decentralized wastewater system in rural Bangladesh is given in this report. Reuse of effluent water in the agricultural fields is another perspective of decentralized system. Treated effluent could be used further in irrigation. This initiative can positively reduce pressure on groundwater as well as energy consumption. A decentralized wastewater treatment facility for a typical village in the middle part of Bangladesh has been designed in this report. From the design, combination of an anaerobic pond with a subsurface wetland have been found efficient for that certain region. In addition, comparison between other onsite systems has been discussed. This study could be useful to choose proper technology for individual areas. Finally, proper management and monitoring system is a vital fact. Without appropriate maintenance, the main objective of this decentralized treatment will not be acquired.This report includes a description of the present condition of water and wastewater in Bangladesh,limitations in the water sector and a recommendation of decentralized wastewater treatment

Electrochemical studies of Ru(II) diimine bioconjugates

The electrochemical behavior of the ruthenium(II) diimine complexes [Ru(CO)(CF3CO2)(dppene)(5-R-phen)][PF6] (dppene = 1,2-diphenylphosphinoethene; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; R = H, 1; R = NH2, 2; R = cholestoryl carbamate, 3; R = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 4), [Ru(CO)(H)(4,4′-R-bpy)(R′Ph2P)2][PF6] (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; R = H, R′ = Ph, 5; R = H, R′ = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 6; R = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, R′ = Ph, 7), [Ru(bpy)2(5-R-phen)][PF6]2 (R = NH2, 8; R = cholestoryl carbamate, 9; R = 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 10) is reported. Complexes 1-6 give cyclovoltammetric (CV) responses with multiple ill-defined reduction waves and one oxidation wave, all of which were chemically irreversible. Complexes 5 and 7, containing axially coordinating phosphines, showed reversible oxidation and reduction CV responses, while 6 showed redox waves similar to 3. Complexes 8-10 show a metal-centered irreversible oxidation around +1.4 V that, in the case of 8 and 9, is heavily modified by adsorption phenomena. In the negative part of the CV, 9 and 10 show a single chemically and electrochemically reversible 1e- reduction both at E°′ = -1.29 V, about 500 mV cathodically shifted with respect to 8. The interactions of complexes 1 and 2 with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and double stranded DNA (ds-DNA) were also studied by electrochemical methods. Both complexes showed strong binding to BSA. Evidence for intercalation of both complexes with DNA is presented, with 1 showing a stronger interaction than 2. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estudio de la variabilidad presente en germoplasma de tártago (Ricinus communis L.) en cuanto a racimos, frutos y semillas

Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oil crop cultivated for industrial use and as an ornamental plant. Lately, the interest for this species has increased for being a raw material for the production of biodiesel, an ecological less pollutant fuel. The resistance to drought is its outstanding characteristic, standing as an opportunity for agricultural development in arid and semiarid areas. In this study the variability of 13 accessions of castor bean is reported based on qualitative and quantitative traits: raceme (shape, compaction, length of primary, number of fruits per raceme, weight of seeds per raceme, number seed per raceme), capsules (dehiscence, spines, 100 weight, color of immature fruits) and seeds (weight of 100, weight in 100 fruits, width, length, width/long and oil content). Principal components analysis explained 87% of the variability with the three first components. Hierarchic classification showed four clusters of accessions, grouping materials based mainly on seeds and fruits dimensions and weight. Variability was also found based on qualitative traits of fruit and racemes. This collection includes accessions of spineless, smooth and indehiscent capsules with different degrees of dehiscence and drop of capsules, waxy or not. The variability found in the studied collection can provide the base material to be used in breeding programs of the species.El tártago (Ricinus communis L.) es cultivado como oleaginosa de uso industrial y planta ornamental. Tanto en Venezuela como a nivel mundial se ha aumentado el interés por esta especie, por ser materia prima para la producción de biodiesel, combustible ecológico menos contaminante. La resistencia a la sequía es su característica más destacada, pudiendo ser sembrado en zonas áridas y semiáridas. En el presente trabajo se reporta la variabilidad encontrada en 13 accesiones de tártago sobre la base de caracteres cualitativos y cuantitativos: forma del racimo, compactación de los frutos, longitud del racimo primario, número de frutos/racimo, peso de semilla/racimo, número de semillas/racimo, dehiscencia y espinosidad de los frutos, peso de 100 frutos, color de frutos inmaduros, peso de 100 semillas, peso de semilla en 100 frutos, ancho, largo, relación ancho/largo de las semillas y contenido de aceite de las semillas. El análisis de componentes principales explicó el 87% de la variabilidad encontrada en los primeros tres componentes. La clasificación jerárquica ascendente mostró cuatro grupos bien definidos de accesiones determinadas principalmente por caracteres de peso y dimensión de frutos y semillas. En los genotipos estudiados también se encontró una importante variabilidad sobre la base de caracteres cualitativos de frutos y racimos. La colección incluye accesiones de frutos sin acúleos (espinas) y lisos, de espinosidad densa a rala, frutos indehiscentes y persistentes, racimos cónicos, cilíndricos y globosos, desde muy ralos hasta muy compactos, con y sin cera. Esta variación puede hacer del germoplasma estudiado un material base para su uso directo y potencial en programas de mejoramiento del cultivo