Maternal body mass index in outcome of pregnancy

Background: The increasing prevalence of obesity in young women is a major public health concern. These trends have a major impact on pregnancy outcomes in these women, which have been documented by several researchers. The objective of this study was to assess antenatal, intra-partum complications, perinatal outcome in pregnant women with high BMI.Methods: A total number of 100 cases were included in the study out of which, 50 cases were pregnant women with high BMI (> or = 30 kg/m2), 50 were pregnant women with normal BMI (20-24 kg/m2). Their pregnancy outcome were observed and compared. The outcome variables evaluated in study were rates of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, failed induction, operative vaginal deliveries, birth weight, and postpartum infection.Results: Most of the patients that is, 60% of obese group and 68% of control group were between 20-25years, 28% of obese group and 8% of control group were between 31-35years. In our study most of the patients, 66% of obese group and 56% of control group were primiparas, whereas 34% of obese and 44% of normal group were multipara. There is a fourfold increase in the incidence of pre-eclampsia in the obese group compared to normal BMI group. Incidence of gestational diabetes is 2% in normal group compared to 8% in obese group that is fourfold increase in incidence in obese group. Pre-term labor is 8% among obese and 2% among control groups, a significant increase. Incidence of induction of labor is doubled in obese group, incidence being 20% in control group and 40% in obese group. Incidence of instrumental delivery is 14% in obese group and 6% in control group. 32% of obese group underwent cesarean section when compared to 12% of control group. The incidence of cesarean section is 3times higher in obese group. Macrosomia is the most common complication observed in the study, the incidence being 22% in obese group and 2% in control group. There is increase in incidence by eleven fold. Incidence of low APGAR score is increased by twofold.Conclusions: Maternal BMI shows strong associations with pregnancy complications and outcome. Both maternal and fetal complications are increased

Effect of optimal uncoupling in enhancing synchronization stability in coupled chaotic systems

In this paper, we report a novel approach for studying the effect of optimal uncoupling on the stability of synchronization in coupled chaotic systems. The clipping of phase space of the driven system having an orientation along the coordinate axes revealing the nature of coupling of the state variables of coupled systems is identified in certain coupled third-order chaotic systems. The stability of synchronization is studied through the {\emph{Master Stability Function}} (MSF). The optimal directions of implementing the clipping width to achieve stable synchronization is observed by studying the effectiveness of clipping fraction and the sufficient range of orientation to identify the optimal directions is reported. The functional work steps for identifying the optimal directions are presented and the synchronization of the response system with the drive within the clipped region of phase space for different orientations of clipping width are studied. The stability of synchronization for different orientations of clipping widths and the two-parameter bifurcation diagram indicating the negative valued MSF regions obtained for the optimal direction of clipping width are presented. The application of the method of optimal uncoupling in identifying the direction of implication of clipping width is discussed and the range of orientation over which the clipping width has to be varied is generalized.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure

Bcl2 expression in breast carcinoma and its association with other clinicopathologic factors

BACKGROUND: Anti Apoptotic marker(Bcl2) can be a new advance front in the assessment of prognosis of breast cancer. Apoptotic and Antiapoptotic proteins along with other proteins involved in cell proliferation and control plays a complex role in the etiopathogenesis of breast cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY: Our aim is to study the Bcl2 expression in breast carcinoma and its association with other clinicopathologic factors such as tumour size,lymphnode status, ER/PR, Her2 expression, histologic grade and Nottingham prognostic index MATERIALS AND METHODS: 30 cases of breast carcinoma including IDC-NOS type and some special histologic subtypes are randomly selected and representative sections are taken. Immunohistochemistry for Bcl2, ER, PR, Her2/neu was done. Bcl2 expression in those cases are observed, statistically analysed and compared with other clinicopathologic factors such as tumour size, lymphnode status, ER/PR, Her2/neu expression and Nottingham prognostic index. RESULTS: 7 out of 30 cases( 23.3 %) shows positivity for Bcl2,all of them show strong cytoplasmic positivity. Bcl2 positive cases(7/7) were positive for both ER and PR(p value <0.004 significant). But none of the Bcl2 positive cases shows immunoexpression for Her2/neu. Bcl2 positive cases shows statistically significant correlation with lower histologic grade (p value < 0.006 ) in ductal carcinoma NS type and all mucinous carcinoma(p value <0.025), small tumour size(p value<0.024) in ductal carcinoma NS type. It doesn’t correlation with lymphnode. CONCLUSION: To conclude that, Bcl2 expression in invasive ductal carcinoma is directly correlated with lower histologic grade(well differentiated tumours), small tumour size, ER+, PR+ Status of individual, all cases of mucinous carcinoma of breast. It inversely correlated with Her2/neu status,other special histologic subtypes(metaplastic and secretory carcinoma). These data promises on a new approach to enhance the efficacy of endocrine treatment in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer by negating the antiapoptotic effect of BCL-2 by using BH3 mimetics

(Z)-4-{1-[(2-Hy­droxy­ethyl)­amino]­ethyl­idene}-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one

In the title compound C14H17N3O2, the dihedral angle between the rings is 16.68 (13)°. Although the compound crystallizes in the keto form, the possibility of keto-enamine–enol-imine tautomerism is explained by a strong intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond

A comparative study of vaginal delivery and caesarean section in antepartum eclampsia at and beyond 34 weeks of gestation

Background: This study was done to compare maternal and fetal outcome in pregnancies after 34 weeks gestation complicated by antepartum eclampsia when terminated by caesarean section and by vaginal delivery. Methods: A comparative prospective study was done on 100 pregnant women with antepartum eclampsia at or beyond 34 weeks of gestational age from November 2019 to June 2021 at Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana. The patients were divided into two groups: CD group (who delivered by caesarean section) and VD group (who delivered by vaginal route). After history taking and examination, delivery was planned according to the gestational age, foetal condition and Bishop’s score. The associated indication for caesarean, induction delivery interval in vaginal deliveries, total blood loss was noted. Baby details were noted and were followed till discharge at hospital. Results: The incidence of caesarean section was 41% and that of vaginal delivery was 59%. Highest incidence of antepartum eclampsia was seen in the age group of 20-24 years and between 37-40 weeks. Most common indication of caesarean section was fetal distress (19%). The convulsion-delivery interval was less in CD group and it was statistically significant (p value 0.01). The incidence of live births, still births and IUD was better in the CD group than VD group (p value 0.02). Perinatal mortality was more in vaginal delivery group (27.64%) than in caesarean section group (12.19%). Maternal mortality was 1.7% in the VD group and nil in the CD group. Conclusions: The study reflected that both perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality were found to be lesser in the CD group in comparison with the VD group. Thus, early decision for caesarean section especially when delivery is not anticipated within 6 hours of admission is essential in improving the perinatal and maternal outcome in eclampsia

Variation in adult life-history and stress resistance across five species of Drosophila

Dry weight at eclosion, adult lifespan, lifetime fecundity, lipid and carbohydrate content at eclosion, and starvation and desiccation resistance at eclosion were assayed on a long-term laboratory population of Drosophila melanogaster, and one recently wild-caught population each of four other species of Drosophila, two from themelanogaster and two from theimmigrans species group. The relationships among trait means across the five species did not conform to expectations based on correlations among these traits inferred from selection studies on D. melanogaster. In particular, the expected positive relationships between fecundity and size/lipid content, lipid content and starvation resistance, carbohydrate (glycogen) content and desiccation resistance, and the expected negative relationship between lifespan and fecundity were not observed. Most traits were strongly positively correlated between sexes across species, except for fractional lipid content and starvation resistance per microgram lipid. For most traits, there was evidence for significant sexual dimorphism but the degree of dimorphism did not vary across species except in the case of adult lifespan, starvation resistance per microgram lipid, and desiccation resistance per microgram carbohydrate. Overall,D. nasuta nasuta andD. sulfurigaster neonasuta (immigrans group) were heavier at eclosion than themelanogaster group species, and tended to have somewhat higher absolute lipid content and starvation resistance. Yet, these twoimmigrans group species were shorter-lived and had lower average daily fecundity than themelanogaster group species. The smallest species, D. malerkotliana (melanogaster group), had relatively high daily fecundity, intermediate lifespan and high fractional lipid content, especially in females. D. ananassae (melanogaster group) had the highest absolute and fractional carbohydrate content, but its desiccation resistance per microgram carbohydrate was the lowest among the five species. In terms of overall performance, the laboratory population of D. melanogaster was clearly superior, under laboratory conditions, to the other four species if adult lifespan, lifetime fecundity, average daily fecundity, and absolute starvation and desiccation resistance are considered. This finding is contrary to several recent reports of substantially higher adult lifespan and stress resistance in recently wild-caught flies, relative to flies maintained for a long time in discretegeneration laboratory cultures. Possible explanations for these apparent anomalies are discussed in the context of the differing selection pressures likely to be experienced by Drosophila populations in laboratory versus wild environments

Correlates of sexual dimorphism for dry weight and development time in five species of Drosophila

Pre-adult development time, dry weight at eclosion, and daily fecundity over the first 10 days of adult life were measured in five species of Drosophila from the melanogaster and immigrans species groups. Overall, the three species of the melanogaster group (D. melanogaster, D. ananassae, D. malerkotliana) developed faster, were lighter at eclosion, and produced more eggs per unit weight at eclosion than the two species of the immigrans group (D. n. nasuta, D. sulfurigaster neonasuta). The degree of sexual dimorphism in dry weight was greater than that in development time, but did not vary significantly among species, and was not correlated with fecundity, contrary to expectations that sexual selection for increased fecundity drives sexual size dimorphism in Drosophila. The degree of dimorphism in development time was significantly correlated with dry weight and fecundity, with lighter species tending to be more dimorphic for development time as well as more fecund, both in absolute terms and in terms of fecundity per unit weight. The results suggest that our understanding of the evolutionary forces maintaining sexual size dimorphism in Drosophila will probably benefit from more detailed studies on the correlates of sexual dimorphism within and among Drosophila species, and on the shape of reaction norms for the degree of sexual dimorphism across different levels of ecologically relevant environmental variables

Effect of textile softeners on BTCA treated cotton fabric

96-101The effect of two softeners (Sapamine® OC and Ultratex® ASG) on physical properties of BTCA finished cotton fabric has been studied. Bleached cotton fabrics are treated with 1, 2, 3, 4-butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) followed by finishing with a cationic and a silicone softener by conventional pad-dry-cure method. Properties, such as crease recovery angle, absorbency, whiteness index, tensile strength, moisture regain, surface morphology and crystallinity of the finished fabrics, have been evaluated. The crease recovery angle of the finished fabrics increases from 154° to 257° after treatment with BTCA and further increases to 266° after BTCA+silicone softener based finishing. The absorbency of cationic softener finished fabric is found to be higher than that of silicone softener finished fabrics. Tensile strength reduces after BTCA finishing by more than 50%, and about 17% softeners is recovered. Scanning electron microscope images show smooth ridges and surface characteristics of cotton fibres in BTCA treated samples as well as deposition of softener on the fibre surface in cationic and silicone softener finished fabrics

Effect of nutrition on copper and zinc concentrations in human milk

Background: The gross composition of human milk is remarkably constant among women of varying nutritional status. Reliable information is now available on the content, and the principal factor affecting it, of most of the trace elements on human milk. However, for some of the trace elements, there is still a wide variation in reported values in the literature, which is due at least in part, to analytical difficulties. Hence this study was taken up to find out if maternal nutritional status influences the copper and zinc concentrations in colostrum of mother.Methods: Total of 100 mothers were enrolled in the study after obtaining prior informed consent. They were divided into 2 groups - group I had 50 malnourished mothers and group II had 50 well-nourished mothers. Sample digestion was attempted with different quantities of various acids. Analysis of digested colostrum was carried out for copper and zinc.Results: The mean levels of copper and zinc were slightly more among well-nourished than malnourished women. Values of copper were significantly higher in the colostrum of well-nourished as compared to that of the malnourished mothers.Conclusions: The parameters of weight, height weight/height ratio and hemoglobin varied significantly between the well-nourished and malnourished mothers. The difference in milk content of malnourished and well-nourished mothers is not significant for zinc. However, copper levels were significantly higher in well-nourished mothers