Reply on `comment on our paper `Single two-level ion in an anharmonic-oscillator trap: Time evolution of the Q function and population inversion ''

We show here that the model Hamiltonian used in our paper for ion vibrating in a q-analog harmonic oscillator trap and interacting with a classical single-mode light field is indeed obtained by replacing the usual bosonic creation and annihilation operators of the harmonic trap model by their q-deformed counterparts. The approximations made in our paper amount to using for the ion-laser interaction in a q-analog harmonic oscillator trap, the operator F_{q}=exp{-(|\epsilon|^2}/2)}exp{i\epsilon A^{\dagger}}exp{i\epsilon A}, which is analogous to the corresponding operator for ion in a harmonic oscillator trap that is $F=exp{-(|\epsilon|^2 /2)}exp{i\epsilon a^{\dagger }}exp{i\epsilon a}$. In our article we do not claim to have diagonalized the operator, $F_q = exp{i \epsilon (A^{\dagger}+A)}$, for which the basis states |g,m> and |e,m> are not analytic vectors.Comment: Revtex, 4pages. To be Published in Physical Review A59, NO.4(April 99

Production of nuclei and antinuclei in pp and Pb-Pb collisions with ALICE at the LHC

We present first results on the production of nuclei and antinuclei such as (anti)deuterons, (anti)tritons, (anti)3He and (anti)4He in pp collisions at \s = 7 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions at \sNN = 2.76 TeV. These particles are identified using their energy loss (dE/dx) information in the Time Projection Chamber of the ALICE experiment. The Inner Tracking System gives a precise determination of the event vertex, by which primary and secondary particles are separated. The high statistics of over 360 million events for pp and 16 million events for Pb-Pb collisions give a significant number of light nuclei and antinuclei (Pb-Pb collisions: \sim30,000 anti-deuterons($\bar{d}$) and \sim4 anti-alpha($\bar{^4He}$)). The predictions of various particle ratios from the THERMUS model is also discussed.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, parallel talk at Quark Matter 2011, May 23rd-28th 2011, Annecy, Franc

Baryon Self-Energy With QQQ Bethe-Salpeter Dynamics In The Non-Perturbative QCD Regime: n-p Mass Difference

A qqq BSE formalism based on DB{\chi}S of an input 4-fermion Lagrangian of `current' u,d quarks interacting pairwise via gluon-exchange-propagator in its {\it non-perturbative} regime, is employed for the calculation of baryon self-energy via quark-loop integrals. To that end the baryon-qqq vertex function is derived under Covariant Instantaneity Ansatz (CIA), using Green's function techniques. This is a 3-body extension of an earlier q{\bar q} (2-body) result on the exact 3D-4D interconnection for the respective BS wave functions under 3D kernel support, precalibrated to both q{\bar q} and qqq spectra plus other observables. The quark loop integrals for the neutron (n) - proton (p) mass difference receive contributions from : i) the strong SU(2) effect arising from the d-u mass difference (4 MeV); ii) the e.m. effect of the respective quark charges. The resultant n-p difference comes dominantly from d-u effect (+1.71 Mev), which is mildly offset by e.m.effect (-0.44), subject to gauge corrections. To that end, a general method for QED gauge corrections to an arbitrary momentum dependent vertex function is outlined, and on on a proportionate basis from the (two-body) kaon case, the net n-p difference works out at just above 1 MeV. A critical comparison is given with QCD sum rules results.Comment: be 27 pages, Latex file, and to be published in IJMPA, Vol 1

Development of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra)-Based Mucoadhesive Gel for Nasal Delivery of Rizatriptan Benzoate

Purpose: To develop a safe mucoadhesive gel for nasal drug delivery using okra polysaccharide.Methods: Rizatriptan benzoate nasal gel was developed using natural polysaccharide obtained from the Abelmoschus esculentus. The gel formulation was characterized for pH, viscosity, mucoadhesion, and in vitro permeation. Permeation parameters obtained include drug flux (j), permeation coefficient (kP) and lag time (tL). The effect of sodium thioglycollate and sodium taurocholate on permeation of the gel formulations was evaluated using excised goat nasal mucosa.Results: Okra gel formulation showed good properties in terms of pH, viscosity and mucoadhesion. The drug was able to permeate through the goat nasal mucosa within 255 min. The test okra nasal gel, with and without enhancer, showed superior permeation properties to gels prepared with synthetic polymers - hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC). For example, drug flux (j) of okra nasal gel formulation and gel formulations made with HPMC and NaCMC was 134.8, 120.9 and 84.8, respectively.Conclusion: Okra mucilage is a promising natural and safe gel former that can be developed to serve as an alternative to currently used synthetic gel formers for nasal drug delivery.Keywords: Mucilage, Abelmoschus esculentus, Nasal gel, Rizatriptan, Permeation, Mucoadhesio

A Constitutive Modeling and Experimental Effect of Shock Wave on the Microstructural Sub-strengthening of Granular Copper

Micro-sized copper powder (99.95%; O≤0.3) has been shock-processed with explosives of high detonation velocities of the order of 7.5km/s to observe the structural and microstructural sub-strengthening. Axisymmetric shock-consolidation technique has been used to obtain conglomerates of granular Cu. The technique involves the cylindrical compaction system wherein the explosive-charge is in direct proximity with the powder whereas the other uses indirect shock pressure with die-plunger geometry. Numeric simulations have been performed on with Eulerian code dynamics. The simulated results show a good agreement with the experimental observation of detonation parameters like detonation velocity, pressure, particle velocity and shock pressure in the reactive media. A pin contactor method has been utilized to calculate the detonation pressure experimentally. Wide angled x-ray diffraction studies reveal that the crystalline structure (FCC) of the shocked specimen matches with the un-shocked specimen. Field emissive scanning electron microscopic examination of the compacted specimens show a good sub-structural strengthening and complement the theoretical considerations. Laser diffraction based particle size analyzer also points towards the reduced particle size of the shock-processed specimen under high detonation velocities. Micro-hardness tests conducted under variable loads of 0.1kg, 0.05kg and 0.025kg force with diamond indenter optical micrographs indicate a high order of micro-hardness of the order of 159Hv. Nitrogen pycnometry used for the density measurement of the compacts shows that a compacted density of the order of 99.3% theoretical mean density has been achieved

Specialty Preference Among Medical Students and Factors Affecting It

Introduction: Medical education is one of the core part of educational system of any country. Medical education requires undergraduate students to study a wide range of medical specialties. It is often assumed that students do not make their career preferences until after they have graduated from medical school. So the reasons and factors responsible for preferences need to be found out among medical students. Material and Methods: It was a Cross sectional study on 180 medical students to assess preference for specialty and factors responsible. Results: Out of total 190 medical students more or less everyone (97.89%) wanted to pursue specialization and majority of them (96.84%) wanted to pursue the same in Medical Field(p>0.05). majority of male students were interested to pursue their specialization in the field of medicine (37.63%), surgery (23.65%) and pediatrics (13.97%). On the other hand female students were more interested in medicine (24.17%), pediatrics (32.96%) and obstetrics & gynecology (24.17%)(p<0.05). Interest, by far was found to be most common factor (76.63%) responsible for the preference of particular medical specialty among all four groups of students (1st professional-25.27%, 2nd professional-75.92%, final professional-89.47%, interns-68.42%).Conclusion: It is thus concluded there are many factors playing role in the specialty selection and preference among the medical students and should be equally justified and addressed