Life table for Heterodera cajani on pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)

#Heterodera cajani est un important nématode parasite du pois d'Angole (#Cajanus cajan). Sa table de survie a été évaluée sur pois d'Angole, à 25°C. Le taux de mortalité est très élevé pour les oeufs et les J2 avant pénétration dans les racines. La mortalité des stades suivants, très faible, est pratiquement constante. La ponte commence le 23è jour et cesse le 31è après le début de la cohorte. La durée moyenne d'une génération est de 26,9 jours et le taux de reproduction net de 15,5 par génération. Le taux intrinsèque (rm) est de 0,102 et les premiers jours de la ponte contribuent plus à ce taux que les autres intervalles d'âge. Supposant un taux fini d'accroissement naturel, la population de #H. cajani$ s'accroît de 1,107 fois par génération et double en 7 jours environ. (Résumé d'auteur

Description of an Indian population of Trophurus longimarginatus Roman, 1962 (= T. impar Ganguly and Khan, 1983, n. syn.) (Nematoda : Belonolaimidae)

Trophurus longimarginatus Roman, 1962 was described from soil around roots of West Indian mahogany (Swietenia mahogany Jaca.) in Puerto Rico. A large Trophurus sp. population is commonly found 20-60 cm deep in soil around roots of pigeon pea at the research farm of ICRISAT, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India. A sample from this population was collected and is described here in detail. From this description, we believe that Trophurus impar Ganguly & Khan, 1983 is a junior synonym of T longimarginatus. Specimens were heat-killed and fixed in 4% formalin, dehydrated, and mounted in anhydrous glycerine. Measurements were made with an ocular micrometer

Effect of Heterodera cajani on biomass and grain yield of pigeon pea on vertisol in pot and field experiments

Glasshouse and field trials were conducted to determine the effects of the cyst nematode, Heterodera cajani on biomass and grain yield of pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan. Shoot length, fresh and dry shoot masses, leaf area and pod yields of pigeon pea were significantly reduced by H. cajani. In glasshouse pot experiments, an initial density of 1.0 juveniles per cm3 soil caused 14 to 24% reduction in plant height, root and shoot mass and leaf area. Application of carbofuran 3G (1·5, 3·0 and 6·0 kg a.i./ha) in H. autoclaved soil in pots did not improve growth of pigeon pea; however, its application (6 kg a.i./ha) in H. cajani-infested fields reduced the nematode density (P < 0·05) and improved plant growth and yield. The densities of eggs and juveniles of H. cajani were 72 and 48% lower in the carbofuran-treated plots than in the control plots 35 and 52 days, respectively, after sowing. No such differences were observed at 70 days after sowing. The tolerance limit for pod yield in field experiments was 2·6 eggs and juveniles of H. cajani per cm3 soil at sowing time. Grain yield was 20 to 25% higher in the carbofuran-treated plots than in the control plots. Application of carbofuran protected the roots from nematode damage during the early stages of plant growth and resulted in good plant growth and yield

A normalisation procedure for biaxial bias extension tests

Biaxial Bias Extension tests have been performed on a plain-weave carbon fibre engineering fabric. The test results have been normalised using both the upper and lower bound method proposed by Potluri et al. and also using a novel alternative normalisation method based on energy arguments. The normalised results from both methods are compared and discussed

Progress towards sustainable utilisation and management of food wastes in the global economy

In recent years, the problem of food waste has attracted considerable interest from food producers, processors, retailers, and consumers alike. Food waste is considered not only a sustainability problem related to food security, but also an economic problem since it directly impacts the profitability of the whole food supply chain. In developed countries, consumers are one of the main contributors to food waste and ultimately pay for all wastes produced throughout the food supply chain. To secure food and reduce food waste, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the various sources of food wastes throughout the food supply chain. The present review examines various reports currently in the literature and quantifies waste levels and examines the trends in wastage for various food sectors such as fruit and vegetable, fisheries, meat and poultry, grain, milk, and dairy. Factors contributing to food waste, effective cost/benefit food waste utilisation methods, sustainability and environment considerations, and public acceptance are identified as hurdles in preventing large-scale food waste processing. Thus, we highlight the need for further research to identify and report food waste so that government regulators and food supply chain stakeholders can actively develop effective waste utilisation practices

Survey of food waste generated by Western Australian fruit and vegetable producers: Options for minimization and utilization

Food waste in Australia is estimated to cost around AUS$8 billion annually. This large unacceptable amount of wastage results in significant economic losses, inefficient use of resources and the adverse impact on the environmental. The present study collects primary data via a specifically designed questionnaire that was circulated around the 19 major farmers (fruits and vegetables) markets located around Western Australia. A total of 88 growers’ participated in the survey. The survey consisted of 12 targeted questions that collected participant demography and farming practices. The questionnaire also focused on reasons for not harvesting or selling produce, how waste is currently handled, options for reducing waste and approaches to better utilize fruit and vegetable wastes. An important issue identified by the survey was the need for consumer education that is specifically aimed at promoting the consumption of produce with cosmetic defects. The rejection of produce on purely visual appearance was found to be a major cause for food wastage

Horticultural loss generated by wholesalers: A case study of the Canning Vale Fruit and Vegetable Markets in Western Australia

In today’s economic climate, businesses need to efficiently manage their finite resources to maintain long-term sustainable growth, productivity, and profits. However, food loss produces large unacceptable economic losses, environmental degradation, and impacts on humanity globally. Its cost in Australia is estimated to be around AUS$8 billion each year, but knowledge of its extent within the food value chain from farm to fork is very limited. The present study examines food loss by wholesalers. A survey questionnaire was prepared and distributed; 35 wholesalers and processors replied and their responses to 10 targeted questions on produce volumes, amounts handled, reasons for food loss, and innovations applied or being considered to reduce and utilize food loss were analyzed. Reported food loss was estimated to be 180 kg per week per primary wholesaler and 30 kg per secondary wholesaler, or around 286 tonnes per year. Participants ranked “over supply” and “no market demand” as the main causes for food loss. The study found that improving grading guidelines has the potential to significantly reduce food loss levels and improve profit margins

Developing an international higher education partnerships between high and low-income countries: two case studies

Many people and departments in higher education institutions and hospitals across the globe have objectives that include cross-national partnership working, internationalisation, capacity-building and sharing education and research. We find such commendable ideals at a global level in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to strategic plans of individual organisations from both low and high-income countries. Using a case-study approach this paper offers insights into some of the key practical issues around global partnership working. We use two case studies of a developing partnership between two separate higher education institutions from the United Kingdom (UK) and one from Nepal. To inform and guide others interested in developing global partnerships we highlight key the reasons for, considerations about, key procedures around the development of such Nepal-UK partnerships and key challenges

Tolerance in chickpea to Meloidogyne javanica

Quarante-sept cultivars de pois chiche ont été testés pour leur résistance ou leur tolérance envers #Meloidogyne javanica en notant leur croissance dans des sols infestés et des sols sans nématodes. En se fondant sur le nombre de galles, la taille de celles-ci, la surface des racines occupée par les galles et le nombre de masses d'oeufs produites, tous les cultivars paraissent sensibles. L'infestation par le nématode provoque un nanisme, un jaunissement, un dessèchement précoce et une chute des feuilles. Une analyse de régression démontre que la hauteur des plants, le poids des pieds, celui des racines et celui des gousses diminuent lorsque l'infestation augmente. La floraison de deux cultivars tardifs, Pant G 114 et Phule G 1, est retardée dans les sols infestés tandis que chez les cultivars précoces cette floraison est soit avancée soit indifférente à l'infestation par le nématode. Le rapport du poids des racines dans les sols infestés et non infestés - seuil de tolérance - démontre que les cultivars Pant G 114, Phule G 1, GNG 146 et Annigini n'ont qu'un faible niveau de tolérance à #M. javanica. Le niveau de tolérance des cultivars Bheema, N 31 et N 39 est d'environ 4,0 oeufs/gr-1 de sol. Dans un sol infesté, l'absorption de calcium par le cultivar tolérant N 31 est plus élevée que par le cultivar non tolérant Phule G 1. Dans un champ infesté par une population mixte de #M. javanica et #M. incognita, les performances des cultivars tolérants prometteurs N 31, N 59, ICCC 42 et de la lignée de croisement ICCV 90043 se sont révélées meilleures que celles des autres génotypes de pois chiche. (Résumé d'auteur

Sustainable green chemical synthesis of discrete, well-dispersed silver nanoparticles with bacteriostatic properties from carrot extracts aided by polyvinylpyrrolidone

Large amounts of food products are disposed of around the world because they are below market standards. In Australia, low value, non-marketable carrots (Daucus carota) are ploughed into farmlands as green manure or are treated as waste. In recent years significant research interest has focused on developing waste valorisation strategies using new green chemistry-based sustainable processes. More importantly, strategies that also provide solutions for emerging challenges like the rising reports of resistance of bacteria to existing microbes are favourable. This study explored a facile synthesis process to reduce aqueous silver ions in aqueous carrot extracts to form silver nanoparticles that may have antibacterial properties. The synthesis process produced particles with surface plasmon resonance peaks typical of crystalline silver. The silver nanoparticles produced from pure carrot extracts were spherical and pseudo-spherical, 2 to 25 nm wide. However, with polyvinylpyrrolidone, much wider (10-50 nm), well-dispersed silver nanoparticles of various shapes including spherical, polygonal, rod-like and triangular types were produced. Several biomolecules which may act as reducing and capping agents for the process were identified; they included ascorbic, gallic and chlorogenic acids. The Ag nanoparticles produced significant zones of inhibition against the gram-negative E. coli and gram-positive S. epidermidis, indicating they had bacteriostatic properties. The study demonstrates that producing Ag nanoparticles with antibiotic properties from carrots is a good valorisation strategy because other uses for rejected carrot produce such as application as green manure may not be interrupted