Why PPP Modeled Infrastructure Projects Failed:A Critical Review with a Special Focus on Road Sector

Infrastructure is the back bone of economic development of any Nation. Road infrastructure plays key role for trade and commerce, connecting the production and consumption centers. Road and transportation infrastructure construction is highly capital intensive, wherein the government alone cannot meet its ends and initiated Public Private Partnership (PPP) for its execution right from planning and designing to its maintenance through various PPP models. Over the last few years many of the awarded roadprojects through PPP modelare stalled citing various reasons. This technical paper analyses the risk factors associated with PPP –toll operated road projects through case studies and suggested corrective measures like shadow tolling and hybrid models for restoration of PPP

Holographic dark energy through Kaniadakis entropy in non flat universe

By extending the standard holographic principle to a cosmological framework and combining the non-flat condition with the Kaniadakis entropy, we construct the non-flat Kaniadakis holographic dark energy model. The model employs Kaniadakis parameter $K$ and a parameter $c$. Derivation of the differential equation for KHDE density parameter to describe the evolutionary behavior of the universe is obtained. Such a differential equation could explain both the open as well as closed universe models. The classification based on matter and dark energy (DE) dominated regimes show that the KHDE scenario may be used to specify the Universe's thermal history and that a quintom regime can be encountered. For open and closed both the cases, we find the expressions for the deceleration parameter and the equation of state (EoS) parameter. Also, by varying the associated parameters, classical stability of the method is established. On considering the curvature to be positive, the universe favors the quintom behavior for substantially smaller values as opposed to the flat condition, when only quintessence is attained for such $K$ values. Additionally, we see a similar behavior while considering the curvature to be negative for such $K$ values. Therefore, adding a little bit of spatial geometry that isn't flat to the KHDE enhances the phenomenology while maintaining $K$ values at lower levels. To validate the model parameters, the most recent $30\;H(z)$ dataset measurements, in the redshift range $0.07 \leq z \leq 1.965$ are utilized. In addition, the distance modulus measurement from the current Union 2.1 data set of type Ia supernovae are employed.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figure

Antispermatogenic Activity of the Benzothiazoline Ligand and Corresponding Organoantimony(V) Derivative in Male Albino Rats

Triphenylantimony(V) derivative, Ph(3)Sb(OPr(i)) [SC(6)H(4)N : C(CH(3))CH(2)C(O)CH(3)], 1b, and the corresponding benzothiazoline ligand [1, 2], [Formula: see text] , 1a, have been tested for their effects on the reproductive system of male albino rats. The oral administration of both 1a and 1b at the dose level of 10 mg/rat/day produced significant reduction in the weights of testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, and ventral prostate. Significant decrease in sperm motility as well as in sperm density resulted in 100% sterility. Significant (P < .01) alterations were also found in biochemical parameters of reproductive organs in treated male rats as compared to the control group. Production of preleptotene, pachytene, and secondary spermatocytes was decreased by 42%, 43%, 39%, and by 44%, 49%, 55% in the ligand, 1a, and organoantimony(V) derivative, 1b, treated rats, respectively. These results indicate that both compounds 1a and 1b are antispermatogenic in nature and on oral administration in male rats, and finally caused sterility. A comparison indicates that the organoantimony(V) derivative 1b is more effective pertaining to its antispermatogenic activity than the corresponding ligand 1a

A survey on Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

In ad-hoc WSN is a collection of mobile nodes that are dynamically and randomly located in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are changing on a continual basis. The dynamic nature of these networks demands new set of network routing strategy protocols to be implemented in order to provide efficient end-to end communication. Moreover, such issues are very critical due to severe resource constraints like efficient energy utilization, lifetime of network, and drastic environmental conditions in WSNs. Neither hop-by-hop nor neither direct reach ability is possible in case of WSNs. In order to facilitate communication within the network, a routing protocol is used. In this paper we have carried out an extensive survey on WSN protocols based on structure of network, routing protocol of network &amp; clustering techniques of routing protocols

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF HPTLC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF ELLAGIC ACID IN ANTIDIABETIC HERBAL FORMULATION

A simple, sensitive, precise, rapid and reliable HPTLC method for the estimation of ellagic acid in marketed herbal formulation, Glucomap tablet was developed. In this method, precoated Silica Gel F254 Plates were used as stationary phase and Toluene: ethyle acetate: formic acid: methanol (3:3:8:2 v/v) as mobile phase. Developed chromatogram was scanned at 280 nm, the wavelength of maximum absorption for ellagic acid. The aptness of developed HPTLC method for estimation of ellagic acid was established by validating it as per the ICH guidelines. The content of ellagic acid in crude drug Terminalia arjuna and polyherbal formulation was also studied. The developed method has been successfully applied for the determination of ellagic acid in polyherbal formulation

UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PIPERINE IN NAVASAYA CHURNA: A POLYHERBAL FORMULATION

Navayasa Churna is an important ayurvedic formulation, is mentioned in Bhaishajyaratnavali in Pandu roga chikitsa iscombination of Nine i.e. Amlaki, Bibhitaka, Haritaki, Marica Pippali, Sunth, Chitraka, Musta, Vidanga and Lauha bhasma. The formulation is dispensed for the treatment of Anemia (pandu), Hepatoprotective and Liver disorders. The method for spectrophotometric determination of piperine from the fruits of Piper longum, Piper nigrum and Navasaya Churna has been developed at absorption maxima 342.7nm. The concentration of piperine present in raw material was found to be 2.981 ± 0.38 % (w/w) in marica and 0.981 ± 0.047 % (w/w) in pippali, respectively and in three identical laboratory batch of Navasaya churna name NY-I, NY-II, and NY-III, was 0.223 ± 0.34, 0.219 ± 0.42, 0.215 ± 0.43 % (w/w), respectively with mean value 0.219 ± 0.903 % (w/w). The piperine content of all the three batches is found to be in close proximities with each other

HPTLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR ESTIMATION OF CINNAMALDEHYDE IN POLYHERBAL FORMULATION WITH ANTI-DIABETIC PROPERTY

In this research article HPTLC method for the estimation of cinnamaldehyde content in cinnamomum zeylanicum, laboratory batches (MC-I, MC-II, MC-III) and marketed formulation (MCM) was developed. In this method, precoated Silica Gel F254 plates were used as stationary phase and Toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (8:1:1v/v) as mobile phase. Developed chromatogram was scanned at 295 nm, the wavelength of maximum absorption for cinnamaldehyde. The aptness of developed HPTLC method for estimation of cinnamaldehyde was established by validating it as per the ICH guidelines. The developed method has been successfully used for the estimation of cinnamaldehyde in polyherbal anti-diabetic formulation. Keywords: Polyherbal formulation, Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, HPTLC

RF Based Remote Control for Electrical Appliances

This work presented here is to control electrical appliances through RF based remote system. From anywhere without any line of sight, RF based wireless remote control system can change the state of the electrical appliances either in off state or in on state. The controlling circuit is built around RF transmitter and RF Receiver modules which are operating at certain frequency along with a encoder and a decoder with few passive components. The four different channels at the encoder IC are used as input switches and the four channels at the decoder output are connected to the electrical devices through a relay. Here the transmission technique is amplitude shift keying (ASK) and the circuit is powered with 9 Volt. The main objective of this work is to control electrical appliances without line of sight requirement using the RF technology. It has many applications like we can control any independent electrical appliance such as T.V, room light, fan just from a remote. Operating them manually is a tedious job and become hectic sometimes. If one can control devices like fan, TV, lights and music system with a remote from a distance place just by pressing the button, life will become simpler. This will make our life more comfortable and easier

Nature-inspired Enzyme engineering and sustainable catalysis: biochemical clues from the world of plants and extremophiles

The use of enzymes to accelerate chemical reactions for the synthesis of industrially important products is rapidly gaining popularity. Biocatalysis is an environment-friendly approach as it not only uses non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable raw materials but also helps to reduce waste generation. In this context, enzymes from organisms living in extreme conditions (extremozymes) have been studied extensively and used in industries (food and pharmaceutical), agriculture, and molecular biology, as they are adapted to catalyze reactions withstanding harsh environmental conditions. Enzyme engineering plays a key role in integrating the structure-function insights from reference enzymes and their utilization for developing improvised catalysts. It helps to transform the enzymes to enhance their activity, stability, substrates-specificity, and substrate-versatility by suitably modifying enzyme structure, thereby creating new variants of the enzyme with improved physical and chemical properties. Here, we have illustrated the relatively less-tapped potentials of plant enzymes in general and their sub-class of extremozymes for industrial applications. Plants are exposed to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses due to their sessile nature, for which they have developed various mechanisms, including the production of stress-response enzymes. While extremozymes from microorganisms have been extensively studied, there are clear indications that plants and algae also produce extremophilic enzymes as their survival strategy, which may find industrial applications. Typical plant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase, papain, carbonic anhydrase, glycoside hydrolases and others have been examined in this review with respect to their stress-tolerant features and further improvement via enzyme engineering. Some rare instances of plant-derived enzymes that point to greater exploration for industrial use have also been presented here. The overall implication is to utilize biochemical clues from the plant-based enzymes for robust, efficient, and substrate/reaction conditions-versatile scaffolds or reference leads for enzyme engineering