Electro-catalyzed cynoarylmethylation of isatin for synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-cynomethyl oxindole derivatives

An efficient and economical method has been developed for synthesis of 3-substituted oxindole by using electrochemically induced condensation of various N-substituted isatin, phenyl acetonitrile

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, an

AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral data analysis for pre- and post-MNF transformation using per-pixel classification algorithms

The hyperspectral image such as AVIRIS-NG provides a lot of spectral information and fine resolution that identify and discriminate similar objects based on their spectral reflectance. This study reveals a comparative analysis of multiple classification algorithms for AVIRIS-NG data, before and after minimum noise fraction (MNF) transformation for land use land cover classification. Applied distance methods are entirely based upon the availability of a complete set of endmembers for the data and used to classify the pixels in terms of endmembers. Applied classifiers yield more accurate results especially in terms of the overall accuracy after dimensionality reduction. As a result, minimum distance achieved highest 97.76% overall accuracy with a Kappa coefficient of 0.97, whereas Mahalanobis distance yields more precise results before MNF with 95.34% overall accuracy and a Kappa coefficient of 0.94. This study also indicates the importance of data dimensionality reduction for hyperspectral imagery

Latitudinal fluctuation in global concentration of CO2 and CH4 from shortwave infrared spectral observation by GOSAT during COVID-19

Various countries have rapidly implemented strict actions to slow the blowout of COVID-19. Many events were dis-regarded, and anthropogenic activities such as industrial and transport systems were at a stoppage. Many countries were on lockdown, including the largest emitters of carbon dioxide. Due to these lockdowns, anthropogenic activities have been reduced and reported that air quality improves at a regional scale in many countries, including India. Therefore, the current study using Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT/IBUKI) datasets to monitor the fluctuation of the average global concentration of dry mole fractions of atmospheric Methane (CH4) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) during these pandemic lockdowns from January to June 2020. Outputs emphasize no significant reduction in the average concentration of dry mole fractions of atmospheric CH4 over the globe, but a minor reduction was observed in global CO2 engagement. The average concentration of both gases compares at each ten-degree latitude. The study reveals that, against the regional breakdowns, these short time lockdowns are not enough to control the concentration of these greenhouse gases at a larger scale, such as 10˚ latitude and globally, except for a minor reduction in CO2 concentration

Traditional medicinal practices of Rajasthan

531-533During the course of investigation it has been observed that a particular plant is sometimes prescribed for different ailments in different localities and some Vaidyas (Ayurvedic physicians) apply a mixture of plants for remedy of diseases. The data collected from Vaidyas have been presented. However, a systematical and methodical approach is needed to collect such information

Improved Land-use/Land-cover classification of semi-arid deciduous forest landscape using thermal remote sensing

Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change detection helps the policy makers to understand the environmental change dynamics to ensure sustainable development. Hence, LULC feature identification has emerged as an important research aspect and thus, a proper and accurate methodology for LULC classification is the need of time. In this study, Landsat-7 satellite data captured by Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) were used for LULC classification employing the maximum likelihood supervised classification (MLC) algorithm. The study targets the improvement of classification accuracy with the combined use of thermal and spectral information from satellite imagery. Land surface temperature (LST) is sensitive to land surface features and hence can be used to extract information on LULC features. The classification accuracy was found to improve on integrating the thermal information from the thermal band of Landsat ETM+ with spectral information. Two thermal vegetation indices, namely Thermal Integrated Vegetation Index (TLIVI) and Advanced Thermal Integrated Vegetation Index (ATLIVI), proposed in this study showed fairly good correlations (R2 = 0.65 and 0.7, respectively) with the derived surface temperature. These indices based on empirical parameterization of the relationship between surface temperature (Ts) and vegetation indices showed an increase of nearly 6% in the overall accuracy for land-use/land-cover (LULC) classification in comparison to MLC algorithm using Standard False Colour Composite (FCC) satellite image of Landsat ETM+ as reference

Comparative Studies of Physico-Chemical Properties of the Roadside Soil at Morena (M.P.)

The quality of roadside soil along the NH3 highway of high traffic density at Morena- M.P. was studied during 2010-11 at 12 different locations. The roadside soil was found to be highly contaminated. This is evident from the modification of the soil pH, Electrical conductance, Water holding capacity and other Physico-chemical properties when compared to natural soil. The presence of heavy metals like Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe in the roadside soil was also considerable

Green synthesis of 2-amino-5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles at the platinum anode in acetic acid

110-114The electroorganic synthesis of 2-amino-5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles from the anodic oxidation of semicarbazone has been carried out at platinum anode in acetic acid under constant potential electrolysis in an undivided cell. This is an environmentally benign method in the field of synthetic organic chemistry. The products are characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and elemental analysis

Electrochemical nuclear acetamidation of aromatic compounds at the platinum anode

1277-1280The electrochemical nuclear acetamidation of aromatic compounds ethylbenzoate, acetophenone, benzoic acid and benzene have been carried out at platinum anode under the process of nuclear oxidation. The removal of electrons from the aromatic π-electron system is achieved by the electrochemical oxidation. The electrolysis is carried out at the constant anode potential in an electrolytic cell assembly containing reaction mixture and electrodes. The products 4-acetamidoethylbenzoate, 4-acetamidoacetophenone, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and N-phenylacetamide formed during the electrolysis are reported here

Not Available

Not AvailableFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a transboundary animal disease caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus. In India, systematic preventive vaccination using inactivated trivalent (O, A and Asia 1) vaccine is the strategy being adopted to control FMD. The use of non-structural protein (NSP)-contaminated inactivated vaccine raises concerns over differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) by NSP based immunoassays. However, 2C being a membrane associated protein usually remain absent in vaccine formulations and thus, anti-2C response is one of the most reliable indicator of the FMDV infection. In this study, 34 amino acids from N-terminus of 2C protein were removed to eliminate membrane-binding amphipathic helicase activity for the expression of recombinant protein in soluble form. Truncated 2C (2Ct) was utilized for development of an indirect ELISA (I-ELISA) for bovine and the developed 2Ct I-ELISA was validated using a panel constituting of serum of naïve, vaccinated and infected animals. The assay was compared with the in-house r3AB3 I-ELISA and the overall concordance was 85.31%. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the 2Ct I-ELISA were 92.9% and 94.0%, respectively. The apparent prevalence of anti-2C antibodies for random bovine samples tested by the developed assay was 23.7%. The developed ELISA will help in augmenting the sensitivity of detection if used in combination with r3AB3 I-ELISA for sero-surveillance.Not Availabl