Penghakiman Tribunal Antarabangsa untuk Undang-Undang Laut (ITLOS) dalam isu penambakan wilayah di Singapura

Penambakan wilayah adalah satu teknik yang merujuk kepada kerja-kerja pengorekan pasir di sesuatu lokasi, dan pasir itu kemudiannya ditimbus ke lokasi tertentu di pinggir pantai bagi meninggikan aras permukaan dasar laut sehingga menjadi tapak muka bumi yang baru. Di antara negara yang sangat giat melakukan aktiviti penambakan wilayah di rantau Asia Tenggara ialah Singapura. Kajian ini menumpukan analisis prosiding penambakan wilayah Singapura di Tribunal Antarabangsa untuk Undang-Undang Laut (ITLOS) yang melibatkan negara jiran terdekatnya Malaysia. Pengumpulan maklumat primer dilaksanakan secara pemerhatian terus di lapangan dan juga membuat beberapa temubual mendalam. Manakala maklumat sekunder diperolehi melalui kajian kepustakaan. Hasil akhir kajian kumpulan pakar bebas (GOE) telah mengesahkan dakwaan awal kerajaan Malaysia bahawa, kerja-kerja penambakan wilayah Singapura di Tuas dan Pulau Tekong telah menyebabkan beberapa impak negatif seperti pencemaran di perairan laut Malaysia dan menyempitkan laluan perkapalan di Selat Johor. Justeru permohonan provisional measures kerajaan Malaysia sememangnya mempunyai asas kes yang sangat kukuh. Pada 26 April 2005, kedua-dua wakil kerajaan telah menandatangani perjanjian bersama secara rasmi untuk menamatkan pertelingkahan di dalam isu penambakan wilayah ini. Walaubagaimanapun, isu tuntutan kerajaan Malaysia di Titik 20 tidak dibincangkan di dalam prosiding ini, namun kedua-dua pihak bersetuju agar rundingan diplomatik yang berasingan di adakan bagi tujuan tersebut pada masa akan datang

“Realpolitik” hubungan Singapura-Amerika Syarikat dalam konteks penambakan wilayah di Singapura

Penambakan wilayah adalah satu teknik yang merujuk kepada kerja-kerja pengorekan pasir di sesuatu lokasi. Kemudiannya pasir berkenaan ditimbus ke lokasi tertentu di pinggir pantai bagi meninggikan aras permukaan dasar laut sehingga menjadi tapak muka bumi yang baru. Di antara negara yang sangat giat melakukan aktiviti penambakan wilayah di rantau Asia Tenggara ialah Singapura. Ini adalah kerana Singapura mempunyai bidang tanah yang kecil, kawasan pantai yang terhad dan mempunyai populasi penduduk yang semakin meningkat. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan bilateral antara Singapura dengan Amerika Syarikat, dan mengenalpasti kerjasama militarinya yang berkaitan dengan aktiviti penambakan wilayah di Singapura. Pengumpulan data primer dilaksanakan secara pemerhatian terus di lapangan dan melalui beberapa sesi temubual mendalam. Pengumpulan data sekunder diperolehi daripada pelbagai sumber seperti artikel jurnal tersohor, akhbar, laman internet yang dipercayai dan laporan kerajaan. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa langkah yang diambil oleh Singapura untuk menambak wilayah ini bukanlah disebabkan peningkatan populasi penduduknya semata-mata. Tatkala Amerika Syarikat kelihatan agresif melaksanakan strategi pivot to Asia Pacific, Singapura pula sebenarnya mengalu-alukan kehadiran kuasa militari Amerika Syarikat ke rantau ini. Justeru kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa jaringan kerjasama militari Singapura- Amerika Syarikat adalah signifikan di dalam aktiviti penambakan wilayah Singapura di mana ianya memenuhi kepentingan realpolitik Amerika Syarikat di rantau ini

A study on surface wash and runoff using open system erosion plots

This study on surface wash and runoff using open system erosion plots was carried out in Tekala forest reserve, Hulu Langat, Selangor. Variations in the rates of surface wash and runoff were analysed with reference to soil characteristics of the site and 14 rainfall parameters. The results showed that the rate ofsurface wash ranged from 49.5 g m-2 yr1 to 137 g m-2 yr1 with an average of 85.04 g m-2 yr1 • Suspended sediment constituted approximately 80% of the total sediment transported 1Yy surface wash. The average rate of total surface runoff was 133.8 lm-2 y£l. The results also showed that correlations between surface wash, surface runoff and soil characteristics varied. However, the correlation between surface runoff and surface wash was found to be highly significant with most rainfall parameters. The total amount of rainfall was most suitable rainfall parameter to predict both surface wash and runof

Persepsi penerima sensitif ke atas pencemaran bau dari tapak pelupusan secara terbuka.

Pencemaran daripada tapak pelupusan merupakan isu alam sekitar yang amat sinonim dengan kualiti persekitaran fizikal dan manusia. Antara isu yang begitu relevan dengan pencemaran ini ialah ketidakseimbangan kualiti udara, pencemaran air bawah tanah oleh air kurasan, pencemaran tanih oleh logam berat dan pencemaran bau. Penjanaan bau yang terhasil daripada gas yang dilepaskan melalui proses semula jadi dan sifat sisa buangan itu sendiri telah meninggalkan pelbagai masalah seperti ketidakselesaan, kacau-ganggu, kesejahteraan dan kesihatan kepada penduduk setempat. Bagi mengesan kualiti pencemaran bau yang dijana daripada tapak pelupusan ini, pendekatan semula jadi berdasarkan deria manusia melalui satu kajian persepsi penduduk telah dilakukan pada 2010. Pensampelan secara rawak digunakan ke atas 100 penerima sensitif yang tinggal dalam lingkungan 5 km dari tapak pelupusan Pajam. Analisis secara deskriptif dilakukan bagi melihat persepsi responden ke atas pencemaran bau. Kajian ini juga meneliti faktor setempat lain yang turut mempengaruhi status kualiti bau dari tapak pelupusan tersebut. Seterusnya beberapa indikator seperti demografi penduduk setempat, taraf kesihatan, jarak dan lokasi tempat tinggal digunakan untuk melihat perbezaan kualiti bau tersebut. Akhirnya beberapa cadangan penambahbaikan bagi mengurangkan pencemaran bau turut dibincangkan bagi persekitaran lestari dan kualiti hidup yang baik

Rules Discovery of High Ozone in Klang Areas using Data Mining Approach

Ground level ozone (O3) is one of the common pollution issues that has a negative influence on human health. However, the increasing trends in O3 level nowadays which due to rapid development has become a great concern over the world. Thus, developing an accurate O3 forecasting model is necessary. However, the interesting pattern from the data should be identified beforehand. Association rules is a data mining technique that has an advantage to discover frequent patterns in a dataset, which subsequently will be useful in the research domain. Therefore, this paper presents the discovering knowledge based on association rules and clustering technique towards a climatological O3 dataset. In this study, the data was analysed to find the behaviour of each precursors. Later K-means clustering technique was used to find the suitable range for each chosen variable independently, then applied Apriori based association rules technique to present the behaviours in a meaningful and understandable format. The climatological O3 time series data has been collected from Department of Environment for Klang station from year 1997 to 2012. However, the proposed method only applied on high O3 concentration data during stated years to find the association pattern. The outcome has discovered 17 strong rules.  The patterns and behaviours of the selected variables during high O3 concentration has been discovered. The rules are benefit to the government on how to control the air quality later

Women and liveability – best practices of empowerment from Thailand

How to survive and make ends meet and how to improve the quality of life are daily and persistent livelihood issues and liveability challenges preoccupying disadvantaged communities in underdeveloped and developing countries. In politically volatile and environmentally hazardous India life struggles could be complex and challenging for womenfolk who more often than not are left on their own to cope with daily liveability problems. Through examining the findings from secondary information sources this paper illustrates three cases of how women helped make the best of empowerment projects geared to make the livelihood and liveability of themselves, their family and community better and more meaningful. It also highlights the institutional and organizational traits that were the success factors of the empowerment projects

Coastal geomorphology of Port Dickinson and Desura Malaysia and its implications for coastal zone management

The thesis opens with a discussion of current trends in applied coastal geomorphology, and an introduction to the Malaysian experience in coastal planning and management. For non-geomorphological readers, a brief background description of the processes, materials and form of the coastal system is provided. This is followed by a perspective of world and regional trends of coastal change, and a literature survey related specifically to the coast of Peninsular Malaysia. A description of research project design and technique (concentrating on its reconnaissance nature) is also given in this section. The second part of the thesis gives the results of a coastal case I study at Desaru in the extreme south-east of the peninsula. The physical and cultural background of Desaru is dealt with briefly to provide a management context before embarking on the five types of management relevant geomorphological data analysis used. The first analytical category concerns sediment particle size statistics which give a good indication of the processes operating on the coast. The statistical analysis of process and environmental variables gives significant results on process inter-relationships, and is a good tool for identifying coastal pattern and for providing a basis for land-use development or hazard zoning. The beach profile analysis gives an overall picture of morphological changes during the South-West Monsoon and North-East Monsoon. Wave refraction analysis is used to estimate the distribution of the wave energy along the Desaru coast, and to use this as an explanatory variable. Finally, the zeta-form bay analysis suggests that Desaru Day does not at present comply with Silvester's concept of stability - a situation with significant management implications.The third part of the thesis presents the results of the contrasting case study on Port Dickson on the west coast. The physical and cultural background of this area is described, and is followed by the results from the four types of data analysis felt to be most appropriate here. Both the sediment size statistics analysis and the statistical analysis of processes and environmental variables give relatively little indication of the controls of the coastal system compared with the much closer relationships found at Desaru. However, the beach profile analysis gives a good basis for distinguishing the ridge and runnel profiles from the non ridge and runnel zone. Reasons for this distinction are discussed. The analysis of offshore sea-bed bathymetric changes indicates an historical pattern of evolution, and also prompts consideration of its influence on the Port Dickson foreshore in both geomorphological and management terms. The final part of the thesis considers general conclusion and offers an overall comparison of the results from the two case-study areas. It also provides guidelines for future research. Some potentially fruitful implications for Malaysian coastal management and planning are proposed on the basis of the foregoing investigation.</p

An assessment of numerical classificatory methods for geography.

The development of the multivariate technique has grown parallel with the development and ready availability of digital computers. This paper attempts to assess the usefulness of one of these multivariate techniques, that is, the cluster analysis also commonly known as numerical classification. In this paper, procedures in developing clustering technique are described. As an illustration of this technique, continuous data of various sediments taken from 30 streams are used. Dissimilarity coefficient (the Euclidean distance) is used as measure of similarity and five fusion strategies are selected to produce various results

Geografi fizikal: isu, cabaran dan prospek

Sila rujuk teks penuh/ Please refer to full tex

Correlation analysis of Singaporean land reclamation towards its national population

Land reclamation is a technique that refers to sand dredging in a given location and the sand is then placed at another location by the shores to elevate the seabed surface level until it becomes a new landscape. Among the countries that actively embark into land reclamation activities in the South East Asian region is Singapore. This is because, Singapore is one of the countries which experience land insufficiency and have a limited coastal area. This study has focused the pattern of Singaporean population, and to identify its relevance to the land reclamation objectives. The collection of primary information was done through direct site observation, and through several interviews. Meanwhile, the collection of secondary materials was done using the library study method in relevant premises. The step taken by Singapore to reclaim its territories is not only because of the increased population alone. This study finds that the number of Singaporean native citizens’ population has declined over the years based on the total fertility rate (TFR) of its natives. This is due to the fact that although Singapore has implemented land reclamation up until today, the latest statistics of population issued by the National Population and Talent Division, Prime Minister’s Office in Singapore has recorded a drop of the TFR for its people to 1.19 point, and stays under the level of 2.10 point for the past 30 years. Thus this study has found that, there is no any relationship can be established between the land reclamation activities towards its population issues in Singapore