Genetic Revelation of the Potentially Malignant Disorders in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region

The oral and maxillofacial region is the site of numerous cancer forms. The most frequent cancer, which accounts for more than 90% of these tumors, is squamous cell carcinoma. Genetic changes caused by malignant transformation later result in phenotypic changes in cells. Potentially malignant disorders and circumstances can lead to the development of some malignancies, such as oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). Because OSCC and precursor lesions cannot be detected early, the 5-year survival rate for OSCC is still only about 50%. Early detection of oral cancer, particularly in the premalignant stage, can greatly reduce death and morbidity. The clinical, histological revelations and etiopathogenesis of a few potentially malignant disorders of the oral and maxillofacial region are reviewed in this chapter

A review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, antimicrobial pharmacology and toxicology of Nigella sativa L.

Nigella sativa L. is one of the most extensively used traditional medicinal plants. This widely studied plant is known to display diverse pharmacological actions, including antimicrobial activities. Current literature has documented its multi-target mode of antimicrobial actions. N. sativa or its bioactive compounds, such as thymoquinone, can induce oxidative stress, cell apoptosis (by producing reactive oxygen species), increase membrane permeability, inhibit efflux pumps, and impose strong biocidal actions. Despite its well-documented antimicrobial efficacy in the experimental model, to the best of our knowledge its antimicrobial mechanisms highlighting the multi-targeting properties have yet to be well discussed. Is N. sativa or thymoquinone a valuable lead compound for therapeutic development for infectious diseases? Are N. sativa’s bioactive compounds potential antimicrobial agents or able to overcome antimicrobial resistance? This review aims to discuss the antimicrobial pharmacology of N. sativa-based treatments. Additionally, it provides a holistic overview of the ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, and phytochemistry of N. sativa