Gating Transitions in Bacterial Ion Channels Measured at 3 µs Resolution

Ion channels of high conductance (>200 pS) are widespread among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Two examples, the Escherichia coli mechanosensitive ion channels Ec-MscS and Ec-MscL, pass currents of 125–300 pA. To resolve temporal details of conductance transitions, a patch-clamp setup was optimized for low-noise recordings at a time resolution of 3 µs (10–20 times faster than usual). Analyses of the high-resolution recordings confirm that Ec-MscL visits many subconductance states and show that most of the intersubstate transitions occur more slowly than the effective resolution of 3 µs. There is a clear trend toward longer transition times for the larger transitions. In Ec-MscS recordings, the majority of the observed full conductance transitions are also composite. We detected a short-lived (~20 µs) Ec-MscS substate at 2/3 of full conductance; transitions between 2/3 and full conductance did not show fine structure and had a time course limited by the achieved resolution. Opening and closing transitions in MscS are symmetrical and are not preceded or followed by smaller, rapid currents ("anticipations" or "regrets"). Compared with other, lower-conductance channels, these measurements may detect unusually early states in the transitions from fully closed to fully open. Increased temporal resolution at the single-molecule level reveals that some elementary steps of structural transitions are composite and follow several alternative pathways, while others still escape resolution. High-bandwidth, low-noise single-channel measurements may provide details about state transitions in other high-conductance channels; and similar procedures may also be applied to channel- and nanopore-based single-molecule DNA measurements

The definition of the fire-extinguishing efficiency of pulverized industrial waste

[EN] Currently, the production of chemical foam fire extinguishers has been canceled, and the main emphasis is on the development of effective powder flame retardant compositions. The standard formulations used are very expensive, so it is promising to study dust-like waste industry due to their low cost, low cost of finalization and the possibility of their utilization. Explosion suppression efficiency of dust waste was determined as follows: the weight of dust fraction < 0.05 mm was weighed on an electronic balance accurate to the fourth digit, and placed in a spray bottle. Further, in the mixer, in a different ratio, a mixture of propane-butane with air is prepared. Then, through the intermediate cylinder, with the help of an electromagnetic valve, the air pulse shoved the canopy and carried the air-gas mixture into a prevacuumed reaction tube. Then, with the help of high-voltage inductor an electric discharge voltage of 1,000 to set to the mixture have been fire. It was shown the examination of the fire-extinguishing ability of expired standard fire extinguishing powders.Shapalov, S.; Sapargaliyeva, B.; Naukenova, A.; Rodrigo-Ilarri, J. (2019). The definition of the fire-extinguishing efficiency of pulverized industrial waste. Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 3(325):43-50. https://doi.org/10.32014/2019.2518-1483.70S4350332

Environmental disposal of large-tonnage industrial waste for the production of fire extinguishing powders

[EN] The given research presents the classification of fire extinguishing and explosion suppression compositions. Phosphogypsum is a large-scale waste from the production of orthophosphoric acid, obtained by extraction from phosphorite with sulfuric acid. The presence in phosphogypsum of pollutants in the form of phosphorus and fluorine compounds, during the preparation of which sludge wastes are emitted into the air, adversely affecting not only the human body, but also the environment. As a result of studies conducted on the study of multi-purpose industrial wastes, including phosphogypsum and its use as flame retardants, the study of reactive, physicochemical, thermal and fire-resistant properties, it is shown for the first time that it is useful as a localization and extinguishing of combustible solid combustible materials and the use of phosphogypsum in fire extinguishing powder formulations.Sapargaliyeva, B.; Naukenova, A.; Shapalov, S.; Alipova, B.; Rodrigo-Ilarri, J. (2019). Environmental disposal of large-tonnage industrial waste for the production of fire extinguishing powders. Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 3(325):35-42. https://doi.org/10.32014/2019.2518-1483.69S3542332

Physiologo-morphological features of common wheat under the influence of helium-neon laser

The research work is devoted to researching the comparative influence of electromagnetic radiations with wavelengths on various physiological and morphological parameters of four common wheat Triticum aestivum L. cultivars from Kazakhstan and Egypt. The comprehensive studies concerning various Functional mechanisms of living organisms under the action of electromagnetic radiations is a problem of special priority in biophysics and photobiology, revealing the general and specific plant resistance features to a given radiation source. These are of special importance when electromagnetic irradiations are carried out using various wavelengths, expositions and power intensities. The reactivity responses of living organisms to the action of various physical radiations usually take a part both metabolically and anatomo-morphologically, that is directed mainly to maintaining homeostasis. The purpose was based to reveal the morphological and physiological indicators of seeds and plants of four common wheat Triticum aestivum L. in a comparative aspect before and after the influence of electromagnetic radiations with wavelengths of 400.0 - 800.0 nm. The specific seed reactions feature of Triticum aestivum L have been established after the influence of electromagnetic radiations applying expositions and wavelengths

Formulation of Composite Materials Containing Tengiz Sulfur-Oil Production Waste

The description of additional secondary semi-finished products, or sulfur wastes, which occur because of the work of the oil production and refining industries, which are the main economic sector of the country, is considered in the given article. The negative impact of their vast territory on the environment, flora and fauna and the local population are represented in literary and practical form. It is scientifically proved that storage of sulfur waste in the open by enterprises in this area causes irreparable damage to human life. The ways of using residues of oil production and refining sulfur as one of the main components of raw materials in the production of rubber products are studied. The results of the study of exemplary sulfur samples using modern physicochemical and electron-microscopic methods showed its applicability. Our research is conducted on the serial formulations of rubber compounds for lightweight tire filler cord of Tengiz sulfur and tire tread. The results of the study of the effect of Tengiz waste sulfur on the physicochemical and technical-operational properties of breaker and tread rubber are presented. Tengiz sulfur reduces the amount of sulfur in the formulation without reducing the rate of vulcanization, which eventually leads to an increase in the quality of the rubber. In addition, it was found that the use of Tengiz sulfur allows to regulate the elastic properties of rubber

THE ANALYSIS OF HEAT AND MASS PROPERTIES OF THE FIRE EXTINGUISHING POWDER IN EFFECTIVENESS CRITERIA

[EN] The given research presents the classification of fire extinguishing and explosion suppression compositions. The effect on the combustion reaction is possible with the help of physical and chemical methods of gas mixture components concentration reducing, cooling the combustion zone and slowing down of chain reactions with the help of a phlegmatizing or inhibiting substances, of which the most universal and perspective are powder materials. In view of the high toxicity and environmental hazard of inhibitors (halides), the most promising search and development of effective powder compositions based on chlorides and substances with pronounced endothermic properties (easy-boiling, easy-decomposing, easy-melting) causing a sharp cooling of the combustion zone. The general laws of the effectiveness of extinguishing powders from their composition was considered in the scope of literature. There are proposed only some unsystematic series of dependence of the studied mineral compounds. Therefore, a necessary condition for solving the problems of developing effective flame arresters is to find common indicators and properties of substances that can become criteria for their phlegmatizing ability.Sapargaliyeva, B.; Naukenova, A.; Alipova, B.; Rodrigo-Ilarri, J.; Shapalov, S. (2018). THE ANALYSIS OF HEAT AND MASS PROPERTIES OF THE FIRE EXTINGUISHING POWDER IN EFFECTIVENESS CRITERIA. News of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of geology and engineering sciences. 3(430):51-61. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/165480S5161343

Investigation of endothermic properties of industrial wastes

[EN] At the present time the applied fire-extinguishing standard compositions are very expensive and therefore are perspective investigation of fire-extinguishing properties of the pulverized industrial waste. This is connected with their cheapness, low expenses for initial reworking and possibility of their utilization. At the analysis carrying out of patent and scientific-technical literatures on the question of presence the fireextinguishing powders it was identified that basic powder components are in non-combustible metallurgic waste. The searching of effective flash suppressors with waste using is rational in the direction of complex compositions development having low temperatures of endothermic processes of melting, decomposition or evaporation with inert gases formation, but for easy-flammable powders are many-component eutectic mixtures. There are investigated more than 250 minerals and mountain rocks in order to identify endothermic effects.Naukenova, A.; Sapargaliyeva, B.; Rodrigo-Ilarri, J.; Shapalov, S.; Kerimbekova, Z.; Kenzhaliyeva, G. (2019). Investigation of endothermic properties of industrial wastes. Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 3(325):19-26. https://doi.org/10.32014/2019.2518-1483.67S1926332

Modeling of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Waste Disposal with the Production of Iron Silicides and Zinc Distillation

This paper presents studies on the possibility of utilization of technogenic waste from the metallurgical industry by the method of complex processing in order to reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment of the region with the example of the zinc silicate-magnetite-carbon system. The selected sample of clinker dump from welting was subjected to chemical and scanning electron microscopic analyses and thermodynamic modeling. Thermodynamic studies were carried out in the temperature range 1600&ndash;2200 K and pressure p = 0.1 MPa, modeling the process of electric melting of clinker from welting in an arc furnace using the software application Astra 4 developed at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University (Moscow, Russian Federation). As a result of the thermodynamic modeling, the optimal temperature range was established, which was 1800&ndash;1900 K. Thermodynamic studies established that it is possible to drive away zinc from the system under study by 99&ndash;100% in the entire temperature range under study. The maximum degree of silicon extraction (&alpha;Si) in the alloy is up to 69.44% at T = 1900 K, and the degree of iron extraction (&alpha;Fe) in the alloy is up to 99.996%. In particular, it was determined and proved that clinker waste from welting can act as a secondary technogenic raw material when it is processed as a mono mixture to produce iron silicides with a silicon content of 18 to 28%

Physico-Chemical Study of the Possibility of Utilization of Coal Ash by Processing as Secondary Raw Materials to Obtain a Composite Cement Clinker

A significant amount of energy waste has accumulated in the world, in particular, large-tonnage fine ash from central heating stations (coal ash), which can negatively affect the natural environment and the health of the population. However, at the same time, due to its chemical composition, this waste can be disposed of by complex processing as a secondary mineral component, thus reducing the anthropogenic load on the natural environment. This article presents a physico-chemical study of coal ash for its further use as a secondary mineral component, in particular, a component of a raw mixture with limestone to produce a composite Portland cement clinker. Coal ash and limestone were subjected to granulometric, chemical, differential thermal, scanning electron microscopy, elemental chemical and X-ray structural analyses, as well as modeling to assess the possibility of optimizing the raw material and mineralogical composition of the composite Portland cement clinker. During the research, the chemical and elemental compositions of the coal ash and limestone were determined and SEM images of the coal ash were obtained; it was found that 68.04% of the coal ash was represented by the fraction with granules <0.16 mm. Using X-ray diffraction analysis, the main limestone minerals were identified, which were represented by calcite and silica. Based on the results of mathematical modeling of the utilization of coal ash from a thermal power plant by processing with limestone, a two-component raw material mixture containing 23.66% fly ash and 76.34% limestone was optimized and the optimal mineralogical composition of the composite Portland cement clinker was determined. Utilization of coal ash by processing as a secondary raw material can be carried out at almost any ash storage facility anywhere in the world, taking into account the chemical composition of the processed ash. It was found that the replacement of natural raw materials with man-made raw materials in the form of coal ash contributed to a reduction in fuel consumption for firing (kg of conventional fuel) by 13.76% and a decrease in the thermal effect of clinker formation by 5.063%