Experimental procedure.

<p>(A) The general procedure consists of a baseline day (day 1) and a test day (7 days later). On the baseline day, the participants of the control and reappraisal groups were asked to passively view the pictures. On the test day, the participants of the control group were again asked to passively view the pictures; however, the participants of the reappraisal group were asked to generate positive reinterpretations for the presented pictures. Both on the baseline and the test day, ERP was collected during, and SIgA samples (T1 & T2) and unpleasantness level of emotional states (R1 & R2) were collected before and after, the unpleasant pictures presentation block. (B) Timeline for events during each trial. Each picture was presented for 6 s with a random inter-stimulus interval of 0.8–1.2 s, during which a fixation cross was presented.</p

The correlation among the SIgA, LPP, and unpleasantness level.

<p>Increased SIgA secretion rates is negatively correlated with increased LPP (left); and increased of SIgA concentrations is positively with decreased unpleasantness (or increased pleasantness) (right).</p

Changes of SIgA concentrations and SIgA secretion rates.

<p>SIgA concentrations (left) and SIgA secretion rates (right) in the pretest and posttest during the baseline and test days for the control and reappraisal group. Notably, both were significantly increased after cognitive reappraisal in the reappraisal group as compared to the control group.</p

Correlations among the changes in SIgA, ERPs and emotional states.

<p>Note:</p><p>***<i>p</i><0.001;</p><p>**<i>p</i><0.01;</p><p>*<i>p</i><0.05.</p

Mean number of trials (+SD) separated for the factors distraction and subsequent memory.

<p>SD, Standard Deviation.</p

Brain regions activated in associative memory formation (Association remembered>Association forgotten).

<p>Sagittal view (<b><i>left</i></b>) and coronal view (<b><i>right</i></b>) show the activation in the left hippocampus (MNI -21 -9 -15, SVC, <i>p</i> = 0.029). Images are thresholded at <i>p</i><0.001 uncorrected, for displaying purposes. L, left; R, right.</p

The interaction between distraction (low and high) and memory (Association forgotten and Association remembered).

<p><b><i>a</i></b>, An effect has been revealed in the right anterior hippocampus (MNI 33 -6 -21, SVC, <i>p</i> = 0.021). Image is thresholded at <i>p</i><0.001 uncorrected, for displaying purposes. L, left; R, right. <b><i>b</i></b>, We extracted the beta values from this region just to depict the direction of the interaction revealed. As can be seen, the interaction was based on a positive subsequent memory effect when distraction was low and a negative subsequent memory effect when distraction was high. Error bars represent SEM.</p

Experimental paradigm.

<p>Encoding task inside the scanner (<b><i>a</i></b>) and the post-scan memory tests (<b><i>b</i></b>, <b><i>c</i></b>). <b><i>a</i></b>, <b><i>top</i></b>, In each trial, the image of an object was presented first, followed by a fixation cross, the distraction task, and the face. <b><i>a</i></b>, <b><i>bottom</i></b>, The distraction task was either a simple visuo-motor control task (low distraction condition) or a working memory task (high distraction condition). In both tasks, six letters were sequentially presented and subjects had to indicate whether the final letter of each sequence was identical to one of the previous five letters. <b><i>b</i></b>, Face recognition memory test. Subjects had to make an old-new judgment on each sequentially presented face by a confidence rating on a six-point scale. <b><i>c</i></b>, The associative memory test. Subjects had to connect the studied object-face pairs by lines and add a confidence rating. Note: in this figure, the actual face stimuli are replaced by smiley, because of unclear copyright status.</p

Response Times and Self-Reported Ratings.

<p>a) Mean response time (in milliseconds) and self-reported difficulty ratings of choice in each loss decision condition. b) Self-reported negative and positive emotion ratings of choice in each loss decision condition.</p

Response Related to Vital-Trivial Loss Decisions.

<p>a) Selected brain regions showing significant activation when contrasting VT with TT condition, including the OFC at (−24, 18, −18) and the ventral striatum at (15, 24, −15). b) Activation in the ventral striatum correlated with self-reported positive emotion of choice in the contrast of VT minus TT condition. Scatter plots are for illustrative purposes. Each point represents the data from a single participant. Notes: OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; VS, ventral striatum.</p