Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in general Chinese adults: Results from the 2007–08 China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study

AbstractBackgroundChina is undergoing a rapid transition to an urbanized and Western diet pattern, which worsens the public health burden of metabolic syndrome (MS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to estimate the prevalence of CKD among adults with MS and to evaluate the association between MS and CKD in China.MethodsThe data were obtained from the China National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study conducted from June 2007 to May 2008. A total of 15,987 individuals aged 20y or older were included as study participants.ResultsAge-standardized prevalence of CKD, which was defined as a glomerular filtration rate <60ml/min/1.73m2, in participants with and without MS was 4.64% and 3.30%, respectively. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of CKD associated with MS was 1.495 (95% CI: 1.190–1.879). Elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose, elevated triglycerides, and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol had statistically significant increased odds ratios of 1.218, 1.256, 1.325 and 1.797 for CKD, respectively, while elevated waist circumference was not significantly associated with an increased odds ratio of CKD.ConclusionsOur study suggests an increasing prevalence of CKD among Chinese adults with MS and a strong association between CKD and MS

Linkage and linkage disequilibrium analysis of the lipoprotein lipase gene with lipid profiles in Chinese hypertensive families

A B S T R A C T Elevated TG [triacylglycerol (triglyceride)] is a significant independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. LPL (lipoprotein lipase) is one of the key enzymes in the metabolism of the TG-rich lipoproteins which hydrolyses TG from the chylomicrons and very-LDL (low-density lipoprotein). To investigate the relationship between the LPL gene and lipid profiles, especially TG, in 148 hypertensive families, we have chosen seven flanking microsatellite markers and four internal markers of the LPL gene and conducted linkage analysis by SOLAR and S.A.G.E. (statistical analysis for genetic epidemiology)/SIBPAL 2 programs, and linkage disequilibrium analysis by QTDT (quantitative transmission/disequilibrium test) and GOLD (graphical overview of linkage disequilibrium). There were statistically significant differences in lipid levels between subjects without and with hypertension within families. A maximum LOD score of 1.3 with TG at the marker D8S261 was observed by SOLAR. Using S.A.G.E./SIBPAL 2, we identified a linkage with TG at the marker &apos;ATTT&apos; located within intron 6 of the LPL gene (P = 0.0095). Two SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), HindIII and HinfI, were found in linkage disequilibrium with LDLcholesterol levels (P = 0.0178 and P = 0.0088 respectively). A strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between the HindIII in intron 8 and HinfI in the exon 9 (P &lt; 0.00001, D = 0.895). Linkage disequilibrium was also found between the &apos;ATTT&apos; polymorphism in intron 6 and two SNPs (P = 0.0021 and D = 0.611 for HindIII; and P = 0.00004, D = 0.459 for HinfI). The present study in the Chinese families with hypertension suggested that the LPL gene might influence lipid levels, especially TG metabolism. Replication studies both in Chinese and other populations are warranted to confirm these results

Protein phosphatase 1 suppresses androgen receptor ubiquitylation and degradation

The phosphoprotein phosphatases are emerging as important androgen receptor (AR) regulators in prostate cancer (PCa). We reported previously that the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1α) can enhance AR activity by dephosphorylating a site in the AR hinge region (Ser650) and thereby decrease AR nuclear export. In this study we show that PP1α increases the expression of wildtype as well as an S650A mutant AR, indicating that it is acting through one or more additional mechanisms. We next show that PP1α binds primarily to the AR ligand binding domain and decreases its ubiquitylation and degradation. Moreover, we find that the PP1α inhibitor tautomycin increases phosphorylation of AR ubiquitin ligases including SKP2 and MDM2 at sites that enhance their activity, providing a mechanism by which PP1α may suppress AR degradation. Significantly, the tautomycin mediated decrease in AR expression was most pronounced at low androgen levels or in the presence of the AR antagonist enzalutamide. Consistent with this finding, the sensitivity of LNCaP and C4–2 PCa cells to tautomycin, as assessed by PSA synthesis and proliferation, was enhanced at low androgen levels or by treatment with enzalutamide. Together these results indicate that PP1α may contribute to stabilizing AR protein after androgen deprivation therapies, and that targeting PP1α or the AR-PP1α interaction may be effective in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)

Urban, semi-urban and rural difference in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Shaanxi province, northwestern China : a population-based survey

Background The ongoing rapid urbanization in China offers rural population opportunities not only for economic improvement but also for substantial health risks. Albeit some researches related to rural-urban difference of metabolic syndrome (MS), there lacks studies focusing on this point in undeveloped provinces in China. Methods The survey, as part of China National Diabetes and Metabolic disorders Study, was conducted in Shaanxi province from June 2007 to May 2008. A total of 3,297 adults aged 20 years or older were included, of which 1,467 individuals were from urban areas, 839 from semi-urban areas, and 890 from rural areas. The MS was defined according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement. Results The age-standardized prevalence of MS was significant higher in rural residents than in urban counterparts (29.0% vs. 25.9%, P = 0.017), in particular among females (30.2% vs. 24.4%, P = 0.003). After adjusted for the listed risk factors, rural residents had a 27.6% increased risk of having MS than urban residents. With respect to MS components, the crude prevalence of raised fasting glucose and raised blood pressure was significantly greater in rural than in urban participants. However, no significant difference in the prevalence of MS was observed between semi-urban and urban participants. Conclusions Rural residents in Shaanxi province, northwest China, were at increased risk of MS, which could be partly explained by sociodemographic and lifestyle differences. In addition, the gap between urban and semi-urban areas seemed to be minimized in related to MS prevalence. Much more attention should be paid to and intervention strategies were needed to address the rural-urban disparities in China