Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation exerts weak effects on species- and community-level growth traits for invading or native plants under nitrogen deposition

Nitrogen deposition and biological invasion are two major components of global environmental change. Nitrogen deposition has been considered to enhance the resource availability of recipient habitats, which influences the invasiveness of plant invader and the invasibility of recipient native communities. Nitrogen deposition has been shown to reduce the relative abundances of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) globally. AMF have been found to mutualistically symbiose with approximately 75% of plant species and act as a nutrient supplier. AMF may modify the structure of native plant communities, collaborate with alien plant invaders and thus promote their invasion. The alien woody invader, Rhus typhina L. has been introduced into North China as a horticultural species, invaded the native plant community and outperformed the native competitors in growth and in photosynthetic efficiency. Nevertheless, little is known about if nitrogen deposition and AMF inoculation synergistically alter the invasibility of native plant community. In this study, R. typhina was subjected to the artificial plant community assembled by four co-existing native species – Chenopodium album L., Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (Franch.) Rehd., Rhus chinensis Mill. and Acer truncatum Bunge in a mesocosm experiment. Nitrogen deposition and AMF inoculation were simulated as environmental and biotic filters respectively. Aboveground biomass and biomass proportion, reflecting plant growth and performance, and specific leaf area and chlorophyll concentration correlated with carbon use and photosynthetic capacity of both the alien invader and the native plants were measured and calculated after harvest. We found that AMF inoculation did not alter the trait variation of alien and native species to increasing nitrogen deposition level in general, although AMF inoculation impeded the increase of aboveground biomass for C. album, V. negundo and native community with increasing nitrogen deposition level. In the scenario of nitrogen deposition and AMF inoculation, a stable status of invasion dynamic may be maintained and needs to be checked with integration of traits at extended temporal scale

Neuroprotective Effect of Xueshuantong for Injection (Lyophilized) in Transient and Permanent Rat Cerebral Ischemia Model

Xueshuantong for Injection (Lyophilized) (XST), a Chinese Materia Medica standardized product extracted from Panax notoginseng (Burk.), is used extensively for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases such as acutely cerebral infarction clinically in China. In the present study, we evaluated the acute and extended protective effects of XST in different rat cerebral ischemic model and explored its effect on peroxiredoxin (Prx) 6-toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling pathway. We found that XST treatment for 3 days could significantly inhibit transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced infarct volume and swelling percent and regulate the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-17, IL-23p19, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in brain. Further study demonstrated that treatment with XST suppressed the protein expression of peroxiredoxin (Prx) 6-toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and phosphorylation level of p38 and upregulated the phosphorylation level of STAT3. In permanent MCAO rats, XST could reduce the infarct volume and swelling percent. Moreover, our results revealed that XST treatment could increase the rats’ weight and improve a batch of functional outcomes. In conclusion, the present data suggested that XST could protect against ischemia injury in transient and permanent MCAO rats, which might be related to Prx6-TLR4 pathway

The migration of neighboring and antagonist teeth three months after implant placement in healed single tooth-missing sites

Objectives: To quantify the neighboring and antagonist teeth migration of a single posterior tooth-missing site within 3 months using digital scanning and measuring techniques. Materials and methods: Intraoral scans (IOS) were made in 40 patients presenting a single posterior tooth-missing gap and receiving implant therapy. IOS were obtained at the day of and three months after implant surgery rendering a digital baseline model (BM) and a digital follow-up model (FM). Digital models were superimposed using the implant scan body as reference. Antagonist models were processed by the best fit alignment. Dimensional change between anatomical landmarks on neighboring teeth and that of featuring points on antagonistic teeth were measured using a three-dimensional analysis software. The Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare the tooth-moving distance between the mesial and distal neighboring teeth. The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA was used to test the difference in dimensional change in tooth-missing site among age subgroups. Results: The mean dimensional change in the tooth-missing site was -37.62 ± 106.36 μm (median: -28.33 μm, Q25 -72.65/Q75 38.97) mesial-distally and -67.91 ± 42.37 μm (median: -61.50 μm, Q25 -88.25/Q75 -36.75) occlusal-gingivally. Eighteen out of 40 mesial neighboring teeth and 24 out of 40 distal neighboring teeth showed migration towards the implants. When patients were grouped according to age, the mesial-distal reduction in the tooth-missing site was significantly larger in patients younger than 30 years compared with those older than 50 years (p < .05). Conclusions: The dimensions of posterior tooth-missing sites decreased over an observation period of 3 months. Keywords: dental implants; digital; three-dimensional; tooth migration; tooth movement

Time efficiency and quality of outcomes in a model-free digital workflow using digital impression immediately after implant placement: A double-blind self-controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical and laboratory time efficiency and quality of outcomes for posterior single implant crowns by means of a model-free digital workflow using digital impressions immediately after implant placement. METHODS Forty patients missing a single posterior tooth received implant therapy. For within-subject comparison, digital impressions were taken immediately after implant placement and conventional impressions after implant healing. Two monolithic zirconia crowns were fabricated using a laboratory-based CAD-CAM system. One crown was produced from the immediate digital impression and a model-free digital workflow (test group), and the second crown was produced from the conventional impression and a hybrid workflow (control group). Clinical and laboratory time was recorded. Quality of outcomes was evaluated double-blinded. A paired-sample t test was applied for statistical analysis. RESULTS The total mean chairside time (impression and delivery) was 23.2 min (95%CI 22.2, 24.3) in the test group and 25.7 min (95%CI 24.4, 26.9) in the control group (p = 0.013). Significantly less laboratory time was needed in the model-free digital workflow (13.6 min, 95%CI 11.5, 15.6) as compared to the model-based hybrid workflow (29.9 min, 95%CI 25.7, 34.2) (p < 0.05). At crown delivery, 4/40 (test) and 12/40 (control) had no need of chairside adjustments, and 6/40 (test) and 5/40 (control) implant crowns were in need of additional laboratory interventions. CONCLUSION The fabrication of posterior single implant crowns using digital impressions taken immediately after implant placement and a model-free, laboratory-based digital workflow was more time efficient and resulted in similar quality of outcomes as a hybrid workflow using conventional impressions

K-Modulated Co Nanoparticles Trapped in La-Ga-O as Superior Catalysts for Higher Alcohols Synthesis from Syngas

Owing to the outstanding catalytic performance for higher alcohol synthesis, Ga-Co catalysts have attracted much attention. In view of their unsatisfactory stability and alcohol selectivity, herein, K-modulated Co nanoparticles trapped in La-Ga-O catalysts were prepared by the reduction of La1&#8722;xKxCo0.65Ga0.35O3 perovskite precursor. Benefiting from the atomic dispersion of all the elements in the precursor, during the reduction of La1&#8722;xKxCo0.65Ga0.35O3, Co nanoparticles could be confined into the K-modified La-Ga-O composite oxides, and the confinement of La-Ga-O could improve the anti-sintering performance of Co nanoparticles. In addition, the addition of K modulated parts of La-Ga-O into La2O3, which ameliorated the anti-carbon deposition performance. Finally, the addition of K increased the dispersion of cobalt and provided more electron donors to metallic Co, resulting in a high activity and superior selectivity to higher alcohols. Benefiting from the above characteristics, the catalyst possesses excellent activity, good selectivity, and superior stability

Image_1_Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation exerts weak effects on species- and community-level growth traits for invading or native plants under nitrogen deposition.pdf

Nitrogen deposition and biological invasion are two major components of global environmental change. Nitrogen deposition has been considered to enhance the resource availability of recipient habitats, which influences the invasiveness of plant invader and the invasibility of recipient native communities. Nitrogen deposition has been shown to reduce the relative abundances of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) globally. AMF have been found to mutualistically symbiose with approximately 75% of plant species and act as a nutrient supplier. AMF may modify the structure of native plant communities, collaborate with alien plant invaders and thus promote their invasion. The alien woody invader, Rhus typhina L. has been introduced into North China as a horticultural species, invaded the native plant community and outperformed the native competitors in growth and in photosynthetic efficiency. Nevertheless, little is known about if nitrogen deposition and AMF inoculation synergistically alter the invasibility of native plant community. In this study, R. typhina was subjected to the artificial plant community assembled by four co-existing native species – Chenopodium album L., Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (Franch.) Rehd., Rhus chinensis Mill. and Acer truncatum Bunge in a mesocosm experiment. Nitrogen deposition and AMF inoculation were simulated as environmental and biotic filters respectively. Aboveground biomass and biomass proportion, reflecting plant growth and performance, and specific leaf area and chlorophyll concentration correlated with carbon use and photosynthetic capacity of both the alien invader and the native plants were measured and calculated after harvest. We found that AMF inoculation did not alter the trait variation of alien and native species to increasing nitrogen deposition level in general, although AMF inoculation impeded the increase of aboveground biomass for C. album, V. negundo and native community with increasing nitrogen deposition level. In the scenario of nitrogen deposition and AMF inoculation, a stable status of invasion dynamic may be maintained and needs to be checked with integration of traits at extended temporal scale.</p

Image_2_Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation exerts weak effects on species- and community-level growth traits for invading or native plants under nitrogen deposition.pdf

Nitrogen deposition and biological invasion are two major components of global environmental change. Nitrogen deposition has been considered to enhance the resource availability of recipient habitats, which influences the invasiveness of plant invader and the invasibility of recipient native communities. Nitrogen deposition has been shown to reduce the relative abundances of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) globally. AMF have been found to mutualistically symbiose with approximately 75% of plant species and act as a nutrient supplier. AMF may modify the structure of native plant communities, collaborate with alien plant invaders and thus promote their invasion. The alien woody invader, Rhus typhina L. has been introduced into North China as a horticultural species, invaded the native plant community and outperformed the native competitors in growth and in photosynthetic efficiency. Nevertheless, little is known about if nitrogen deposition and AMF inoculation synergistically alter the invasibility of native plant community. In this study, R. typhina was subjected to the artificial plant community assembled by four co-existing native species – Chenopodium album L., Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (Franch.) Rehd., Rhus chinensis Mill. and Acer truncatum Bunge in a mesocosm experiment. Nitrogen deposition and AMF inoculation were simulated as environmental and biotic filters respectively. Aboveground biomass and biomass proportion, reflecting plant growth and performance, and specific leaf area and chlorophyll concentration correlated with carbon use and photosynthetic capacity of both the alien invader and the native plants were measured and calculated after harvest. We found that AMF inoculation did not alter the trait variation of alien and native species to increasing nitrogen deposition level in general, although AMF inoculation impeded the increase of aboveground biomass for C. album, V. negundo and native community with increasing nitrogen deposition level. In the scenario of nitrogen deposition and AMF inoculation, a stable status of invasion dynamic may be maintained and needs to be checked with integration of traits at extended temporal scale.</p

Endophilin A1 Promotes Actin Polymerization in Dendritic Spines Required for Synaptic Potentiation

Endophilin A1 is a member of the N-BAR domain-containing endophilin A protein family that is involved in membrane dynamics and trafficking. At the presynaptic terminal, endophilin As participate in synaptic vesicle recycling and autophagosome formation. By gene knockout studies, here we report that postsynaptic endophilin A1 functions in synaptic plasticity. Ablation of endophilin A1 in the hippocampal CA1 region of mature mouse brain impairs long-term spatial and contextual fear memory. Its loss in CA1 neurons postsynaptic of the Schaffer collateral pathway causes impairment in their AMPA-type glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation. In KO neurons, defects in the structural and functional plasticity of dendritic spines can be rescued by overexpression of endophilin A1 but not A2 or A3. Further, endophilin A1 promotes actin polymerization in dendritic spines during synaptic potentiation. These findings reveal a physiological role of endophilin A1 distinct from that of other endophilin As at the postsynaptic site

Dynamic evolution behavior of cracks for single-track and multi-track clads in laser cladding

It is generally believed that the crack defect is the fatal issue that restricts the development of additive manufacturing technology. In this paper, Ni60 alloy coating on H13 surface is manufactured by laser cladding, and the dynamic evolution behavior of cracks during the process of single-track and multi-track overlapping cladding is studied. The morphology and microstructure characteristics of the coating and the crack initiation and propagation behavior are analyzed. The results show that the cracks mainly originate from the surface of the clad and propagate along the depth direction to the substrate. The laser power and scanning speed are the main factors that affect the crack behavior. With the increase of laser power, the process range for crack-free cladding is expanded. When the cladding speed is relatively low, the crack in the substrate can be initiated, and the crack propagates in the direction parallel to the laser scanning speed, which is manifested as the substrate being torn. The transverse cracks and the network-shaped cracks propagate continuously from single-track to multi-track cladding process. The crack-free cladding process can be achieved by a reasonable selection of processing parameters. This work aims to deeply understand the dynamic evolution behavior of cracks in laser additive manufacturing, and thus provide theoretical guidance for the crack-free cladding process