(a) Relative monthly CPC deficits versus relative monthly Ta deficits; (b) relative monthly CPC deficits in July; (c) relative monthly CPC deficits in February versus relative monthly Ta deficits in February; (d) relative CPC deficits in August versus water balance index (P/ET) in July

<p><strong>Figure 3.</strong> (a) Relative monthly CPC deficits versus relative monthly Ta deficits; (b) relative monthly CPC deficits in July; (c) relative monthly CPC deficits in February versus relative monthly Ta deficits in February; (d) relative CPC deficits in August versus water balance index (P/ET) in July.</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Increasing occurrences of climate extreme events urge us to study their impacts on terrestrial carbon sequestration. Ecosystem potential productivity deficits could characterize such impacts and display the ecosystem vulnerability and resilience to the extremes in climate change, whereas few studies have analyzed the yearly dynamics of forest potential productivity deficits. Based on a perfect-deficit approach, we used <em>in situ</em> eddy covariance flux data and meteorological observation data at Qianyanzhou station from 2003 to 2010 to explore the relationship between potential productivity and climate extremes, such as droughts in 2003 and 2007, ice rain in 2005, and an ice storm in 2008. We found (1) the monthly canopy photosynthetic capacity (CPC) deficits could be mainly explained by air temperature (Ta) deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01); (2) a significant correlation was noted between seasonal CPC deficits and co-current Ta deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01), especially in winter (<em>R</em>² = 0.79, <em>p</em> = 0.003); (3) drought in summer exerted a negatively lagged effect on potential productivity (<em>R</em>² = 0.59, <em>p</em> = 0.02), but at a short time scale; and (4) annual CPC deficits captured the impacts of climate extremes on the forest ecosystem potential productivity, and the two largest potential productivity deficits occurred in 2003 (relative CPC deficits = 0.34) and in 2005 (relative CPC deficits = 0.35), respectively. With the perfect-deficit approach, the forest ecosystem vulnerability to extremes was analyzed in a novel way.</p

Daily dynamics of CPC and CPC deficits at Qianyanzhou station from 2003 to 2010

<p><strong>Figure 1.</strong> Daily dynamics of CPC and CPC deficits at Qianyanzhou station from 2003 to 2010. Both the CPC curve (red line) and PCPC curve (black line) were algorithmically smoothed. The CPC deficits were the difference between the CPC and PCPC (blue area).</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Increasing occurrences of climate extreme events urge us to study their impacts on terrestrial carbon sequestration. Ecosystem potential productivity deficits could characterize such impacts and display the ecosystem vulnerability and resilience to the extremes in climate change, whereas few studies have analyzed the yearly dynamics of forest potential productivity deficits. Based on a perfect-deficit approach, we used <em>in situ</em> eddy covariance flux data and meteorological observation data at Qianyanzhou station from 2003 to 2010 to explore the relationship between potential productivity and climate extremes, such as droughts in 2003 and 2007, ice rain in 2005, and an ice storm in 2008. We found (1) the monthly canopy photosynthetic capacity (CPC) deficits could be mainly explained by air temperature (Ta) deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01); (2) a significant correlation was noted between seasonal CPC deficits and co-current Ta deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01), especially in winter (<em>R</em>² = 0.79, <em>p</em> = 0.003); (3) drought in summer exerted a negatively lagged effect on potential productivity (<em>R</em>² = 0.59, <em>p</em> = 0.02), but at a short time scale; and (4) annual CPC deficits captured the impacts of climate extremes on the forest ecosystem potential productivity, and the two largest potential productivity deficits occurred in 2003 (relative CPC deficits = 0.34) and in 2005 (relative CPC deficits = 0.35), respectively. With the perfect-deficit approach, the forest ecosystem vulnerability to extremes was analyzed in a novel way.</p

Variation of relative monthly CPC deficits and relative monthly air temperature (Ta) deficits

<p><strong>Figure 2.</strong> Variation of relative monthly CPC deficits and relative monthly air temperature (Ta) deficits. CPC deficits monthly dynamics (black line) and Ta deficits monthly dynamics (blue line). Ta deficits were calculated by corresponding half-hourly meteorological data with the perfect-deficit approach. The relative deficits were the values of CPC and Ta deficits normalized by the total area of their perfect curve integrated over each month, respectively.</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Increasing occurrences of climate extreme events urge us to study their impacts on terrestrial carbon sequestration. Ecosystem potential productivity deficits could characterize such impacts and display the ecosystem vulnerability and resilience to the extremes in climate change, whereas few studies have analyzed the yearly dynamics of forest potential productivity deficits. Based on a perfect-deficit approach, we used <em>in situ</em> eddy covariance flux data and meteorological observation data at Qianyanzhou station from 2003 to 2010 to explore the relationship between potential productivity and climate extremes, such as droughts in 2003 and 2007, ice rain in 2005, and an ice storm in 2008. We found (1) the monthly canopy photosynthetic capacity (CPC) deficits could be mainly explained by air temperature (Ta) deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01); (2) a significant correlation was noted between seasonal CPC deficits and co-current Ta deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01), especially in winter (<em>R</em>² = 0.79, <em>p</em> = 0.003); (3) drought in summer exerted a negatively lagged effect on potential productivity (<em>R</em>² = 0.59, <em>p</em> = 0.02), but at a short time scale; and (4) annual CPC deficits captured the impacts of climate extremes on the forest ecosystem potential productivity, and the two largest potential productivity deficits occurred in 2003 (relative CPC deficits = 0.34) and in 2005 (relative CPC deficits = 0.35), respectively. With the perfect-deficit approach, the forest ecosystem vulnerability to extremes was analyzed in a novel way.</p

The relationship between relative CPC deficits in a specific month and P/ET in previous months

<p><b>Table 1.</b>  The relationship between relative CPC deficits in a specific month and P/ET in previous months. In general, summer droughts lasted from June to August, and we will focus only on the monthly CPC deficits in those three months. </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Increasing occurrences of climate extreme events urge us to study their impacts on terrestrial carbon sequestration. Ecosystem potential productivity deficits could characterize such impacts and display the ecosystem vulnerability and resilience to the extremes in climate change, whereas few studies have analyzed the yearly dynamics of forest potential productivity deficits. Based on a perfect-deficit approach, we used <em>in situ</em> eddy covariance flux data and meteorological observation data at Qianyanzhou station from 2003 to 2010 to explore the relationship between potential productivity and climate extremes, such as droughts in 2003 and 2007, ice rain in 2005, and an ice storm in 2008. We found (1) the monthly canopy photosynthetic capacity (CPC) deficits could be mainly explained by air temperature (Ta) deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01); (2) a significant correlation was noted between seasonal CPC deficits and co-current Ta deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01), especially in winter (<em>R</em>² = 0.79, <em>p</em> = 0.003); (3) drought in summer exerted a negatively lagged effect on potential productivity (<em>R</em>² = 0.59, <em>p</em> = 0.02), but at a short time scale; and (4) annual CPC deficits captured the impacts of climate extremes on the forest ecosystem potential productivity, and the two largest potential productivity deficits occurred in 2003 (relative CPC deficits = 0.34) and in 2005 (relative CPC deficits = 0.35), respectively. With the perfect-deficit approach, the forest ecosystem vulnerability to extremes was analyzed in a novel way.</p

Relationship between relative seasonal CPC deficits and relative seasonal Ta deficits

<p><strong>Figure 5.</strong> Relationship between relative seasonal CPC deficits and relative seasonal Ta deficits. (a) Relative deficits of all the 4 seasons; (b) relative deficits of winter.</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Increasing occurrences of climate extreme events urge us to study their impacts on terrestrial carbon sequestration. Ecosystem potential productivity deficits could characterize such impacts and display the ecosystem vulnerability and resilience to the extremes in climate change, whereas few studies have analyzed the yearly dynamics of forest potential productivity deficits. Based on a perfect-deficit approach, we used <em>in situ</em> eddy covariance flux data and meteorological observation data at Qianyanzhou station from 2003 to 2010 to explore the relationship between potential productivity and climate extremes, such as droughts in 2003 and 2007, ice rain in 2005, and an ice storm in 2008. We found (1) the monthly canopy photosynthetic capacity (CPC) deficits could be mainly explained by air temperature (Ta) deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01); (2) a significant correlation was noted between seasonal CPC deficits and co-current Ta deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01), especially in winter (<em>R</em>² = 0.79, <em>p</em> = 0.003); (3) drought in summer exerted a negatively lagged effect on potential productivity (<em>R</em>² = 0.59, <em>p</em> = 0.02), but at a short time scale; and (4) annual CPC deficits captured the impacts of climate extremes on the forest ecosystem potential productivity, and the two largest potential productivity deficits occurred in 2003 (relative CPC deficits = 0.34) and in 2005 (relative CPC deficits = 0.35), respectively. With the perfect-deficit approach, the forest ecosystem vulnerability to extremes was analyzed in a novel way.</p

Annual dynamics of relative CPC deficits at QYZ site

<p><strong>Figure 6.</strong> Annual dynamics of relative CPC deficits at QYZ site.</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Increasing occurrences of climate extreme events urge us to study their impacts on terrestrial carbon sequestration. Ecosystem potential productivity deficits could characterize such impacts and display the ecosystem vulnerability and resilience to the extremes in climate change, whereas few studies have analyzed the yearly dynamics of forest potential productivity deficits. Based on a perfect-deficit approach, we used <em>in situ</em> eddy covariance flux data and meteorological observation data at Qianyanzhou station from 2003 to 2010 to explore the relationship between potential productivity and climate extremes, such as droughts in 2003 and 2007, ice rain in 2005, and an ice storm in 2008. We found (1) the monthly canopy photosynthetic capacity (CPC) deficits could be mainly explained by air temperature (Ta) deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01); (2) a significant correlation was noted between seasonal CPC deficits and co-current Ta deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01), especially in winter (<em>R</em>² = 0.79, <em>p</em> = 0.003); (3) drought in summer exerted a negatively lagged effect on potential productivity (<em>R</em>² = 0.59, <em>p</em> = 0.02), but at a short time scale; and (4) annual CPC deficits captured the impacts of climate extremes on the forest ecosystem potential productivity, and the two largest potential productivity deficits occurred in 2003 (relative CPC deficits = 0.34) and in 2005 (relative CPC deficits = 0.35), respectively. With the perfect-deficit approach, the forest ecosystem vulnerability to extremes was analyzed in a novel way.</p

Seasonal dynamics of: (a) relative CPC deficits at QYZ station from 2003 to 2010; (b) mean relative CPC and Ta deficits

<p><strong>Figure 4.</strong> Seasonal dynamics of: (a) relative CPC deficits at QYZ station from 2003 to 2010; (b) mean relative CPC and Ta deficits. Error bars denote the standard deviation of deficits in each season. The subtropical coniferous forest ecosystem at Qianyanzhou station was divided into four seasons: spring (March, April and May); summer (June, July and August); autumn (September, October and November); winter (December, January and February) in regard to episodic summer drought attributable to the Asian monsoon climate.</p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Increasing occurrences of climate extreme events urge us to study their impacts on terrestrial carbon sequestration. Ecosystem potential productivity deficits could characterize such impacts and display the ecosystem vulnerability and resilience to the extremes in climate change, whereas few studies have analyzed the yearly dynamics of forest potential productivity deficits. Based on a perfect-deficit approach, we used <em>in situ</em> eddy covariance flux data and meteorological observation data at Qianyanzhou station from 2003 to 2010 to explore the relationship between potential productivity and climate extremes, such as droughts in 2003 and 2007, ice rain in 2005, and an ice storm in 2008. We found (1) the monthly canopy photosynthetic capacity (CPC) deficits could be mainly explained by air temperature (Ta) deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01); (2) a significant correlation was noted between seasonal CPC deficits and co-current Ta deficits (<em>R</em>² = 0.45, <em>p</em> < 0.000 01), especially in winter (<em>R</em>² = 0.79, <em>p</em> = 0.003); (3) drought in summer exerted a negatively lagged effect on potential productivity (<em>R</em>² = 0.59, <em>p</em> = 0.02), but at a short time scale; and (4) annual CPC deficits captured the impacts of climate extremes on the forest ecosystem potential productivity, and the two largest potential productivity deficits occurred in 2003 (relative CPC deficits = 0.34) and in 2005 (relative CPC deficits = 0.35), respectively. With the perfect-deficit approach, the forest ecosystem vulnerability to extremes was analyzed in a novel way.</p

Table1_Construction of lncRNA prognostic model related to cuproptosis in esophageal carcinoma.XLSX

Background: Esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors in the world. The prognosis of patients has significantly improved with the development of surgery, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. But the 5-year survival rate of ESCA patients is still incredibly low. Cuproptosis is a type of mitochondrial cell death induced by copper. It is unclear how cuproptosis-related lncRNAs (CRLs) affect ESCA prognosis.Methods: In this study, we obtained the clinical data of ESCA patients, the transcriptome data from TCGA and identified CRLs by co-expression analysis, lasso regression, and cox regression analysis, to build a prognostic model. Then we validated the prognostic model using the Kaplan-Meier curve, cox regression analysis, and ROC, to create a nomogram based on risk score to forecast the prognosis of ESCA. Next, the immune escape of the CRLs was examined using the TIDE algorithm to assess its sensitivity to possible ESCA medications.Results: To predict the prognosis of ESCA patients, we created a predictive model using 6 CRLs (AC034199.1, AC125437.1, AC107032.2, CTBP1-DT, AL024508.1, and AC008610.1), validated by the Kaplan-Meier and ROC curves. The model has a higher diagnostic value compared to other clinical features. The 6 CRLs expressed high in TCGA and ESCA specimens. Enrichment analysis revealed CRLs largely contributed to the interaction between cytokines and their receptors as well as complement coagulation cascades. The immunity escape analysis demonstrated that immunotherapy had a worse effect in the low-risk group than in the high-risk group. Additionally, we screened out potential antineoplastic drugs according to the results of the immunoassay and obtained 5 drugs, including CP-466722, crizotinib, MS-275, KIN001-135, and CP-466722.Conclusion: The prognosis of patients with ESCA can be correctly predicted by the 6 CRLs chosen from this investigation. It lays the groundwork for more investigation into the ESCA mechanism and the identification of novel therapeutic targets.</p

Table_1_Radiation and temperature dominate the spatiotemporal variability in resilience of subtropical evergreen forests in China.DOCX

Forest resilience is crucial to the mitigation of climate change, due to the enormous potential of forests to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and the possible conversion of forests from net carbon sinks into carbon sources following external disturbances. Subtropical forests are suffering the highest rates of forest change, but how they are evolving in response to climate change is little known. In this study, we estimated the spatial pattern and temporal trend of the resilience of subtropical evergreen forests in China by applying the lag-one autocorrelation (AC1) method to satellite kernel normalized difference vegetation index (kNDVI) data over the past two decades and identified the influential environmental factors that affect the ecosystem resilience by developing random forest (RF) regression models. The computed long-term AC1 based on kNDVI for the 2001–2020 period depicts considerable spatial variability in the resilience of the subtropical evergreen forests in China, with lower resilience at lower latitudes. The RF regression analysis suggests that the spatial variability in the forest resilience can be re-established by forest and climatic variables, and is largely affected by climate, with the three most influential variables being solar radiation (SR, %incMSE = 20.7 ± 1.8%), vapor pressure deficit (VPD, %incMSE = 13.8 ± 0.2%) and minimum temperature (Tmin, %incMSE = 13.3 ± 1.2%). Higher forest resilience is more likely to be located in areas with less radiation stress, adequate water availability, and less warming. Trend analysis shows a declining trend for the resilience of subtropical evergreen forests in China since the 2000s but an increasing forest resilience in the last decade, which is mainly dominated by temperature changes, including average and minimum temperatures. Considering the expected warming-dominated period in times of rapid climatic change, we suggest potential critical responses for subtropical forest productivity to the disturbances should be of greater concern in the future.</p

Histograms of the cloudiness index (<i>CI</i>) value at the six sites during the mid-growing seasons from 2003 to 2007.

<p>Histograms of the cloudiness index (<i>CI</i>) value at the six sites during the mid-growing seasons from 2003 to 2007.</p