Progress of important clinical trials of breast cancer in China in 2022

Breast cancer has become the most common type of cancer in the world, harming the majority of women's physical and mental health and challenging clinical prevention and treatment of tumors. With the in-depth research on the pathogenesis and metastasis mechanism of breast cancer, as well as the development of translational research such as multiomics technology and tumor immunity, it has been proved that breast cancer has highly heterogeneous molecular and clinical characteristics. The clinical treatment methods of different subtypes of breast cancer are different and related, and the achievements in the field of breast cancer clinical research are fruitful. In 2022, results of important clinical trials have achieved for different subtypes of breast cancer. For the neo-adjuvant treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive breast cancer, the PHEDRA study provided new adjuvant treatment options for HER2 positive breast cancer patients; And for the HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer, PHILA study and SYSUCC-002 study results provided reference for clinicians. For patients with brain metastasis, PERMEATE study showed that pyrrolitinib combined with capecitabine regimen was to become the preferred treatment scheme for HER2 positive brain metastasis population, especially for patients with brain metastasis without local radiotherapy. In hormone receptor positive breast cancer, a number of clinical trials (monarchE study, DAWNA-1 study, MONALEESA series of studies, etc.) of arbacilli, daracilli, rebosilli and others reported their efficacy on visceral metastasis. For triple-negative breast cancer, many clinical trials are under way. This paper aimed to review the recent advances in clinical research on breast cancer in the past year

Global Oceanic Diazotroph Database Version 2 and Elevated Estimate of Global N\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e Fixation

Marine diazotrophs convert dinitrogen (N2) gas into bioavailable nitrogen (N), supporting life in the global ocean. In 2012, the first version of the global oceanic diazotroph database (version 1) was published. Here, we present an updated version of the database (version 2), significantly increasing the number of in situ diazotrophic measurements from 13 565 to 55 286. Data points for N2 fixation rates, diazotrophic cell abundance, and nifH gene copy abundance have increased by 184 %, 86 %, and 809 %, respectively. Version 2 includes two new data sheets for the nifH gene copy abundance of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs and cell-specific N2 fixation rates. The measurements of N2 fixation rates approximately follow a log-normal distribution in both version 1 and version 2. However, version 2 considerably extends both the left and right tails of the distribution. Consequently, when estimating global oceanic N2 fixation rates using the geometric means of different ocean basins, version 1 and version 2 yield similar rates (43–57 versus 45–63 Tg N yr−1; ranges based on one geometric standard error). In contrast, when using arithmetic means, version 2 suggests a significantly higher rate of 223±30 Tg N yr−1 (mean ± standard error; same hereafter) compared to version 1 (74±7 Tg N yr−1). Specifically, substantial rate increases are estimated for the South Pacific Ocean (88±23 versus 20±2 Tg N yr−1), primarily driven by measurements in the southwestern subtropics, and for the North Atlantic Ocean (40±9 versus 10±2 Tg N yr−1). Moreover, version 2 estimates the N2 fixation rate in the Indian Ocean to be 35±14 Tg N yr−1, which could not be estimated using version 1 due to limited data availability. Furthermore, a comparison of N2 fixation rates obtained through different measurement methods at the same months, locations, and depths reveals that the conventional 15N2 bubble method yields lower rates in 69 % cases compared to the new 15N2 dissolution method. This updated version of the database can facilitate future studies in marine ecology and biogeochemistry. The database is stored at the Figshare repository (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21677687; Shao et al., 2022)

Global oceanic diazotroph database version 2 and elevated estimate of global oceanic N 2 fixation

Marine diazotrophs convert dinitrogen (N2) gas into bioavailable nitrogen (N), supporting life in the global ocean. In 2012, the first version of the global oceanic diazotroph database (version 1) was published. Here, we present an updated version of the database (version 2), significantly increasing the number of in situ diazotrophic measurements from 13 565 to 55 286. Data points for N2 fixation rates, diazotrophic cell abundance, and nifH gene copy abundance have increased by 184 %, 86 %, and 809 %, respectively. Version 2 includes two new data sheets for the nifH gene copy abundance of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs and cell-specific N2 fixation rates. The measurements of N2 fixation rates approximately follow a log-normal distribution in both version 1 and version 2. However, version 2 considerably extends both the left and right tails of the distribution. Consequently, when estimating global oceanic N2 fixation rates using the geometric means of different ocean basins, version 1 and version 2 yield similar rates (43–57 versus 45–63 Tg N yr−1; ranges based on one geometric standard error). In contrast, when using arithmetic means, version 2 suggests a significantly higher rate of 223±30 Tg N yr−1 (mean ± standard error; same hereafter) compared to version 1 (74±7 Tg N yr−1). Specifically, substantial rate increases are estimated for the South Pacific Ocean (88±23 versus 20±2 Tg N yr−1), primarily driven by measurements in the southwestern subtropics, and for the North Atlantic Ocean (40±9 versus 10±2 Tg N yr−1). Moreover, version 2 estimates the N2 fixation rate in the Indian Ocean to be 35±14 Tg N yr−1, which could not be estimated using version 1 due to limited data availability. Furthermore, a comparison of N2 fixation rates obtained through different measurement methods at the same months, locations, and depths reveals that the conventional 15N2 bubble method yields lower rates in 69 % cases compared to the new 15N2 dissolution method. This updated version of the database can facilitate future studies in marine ecology and biogeochemistry. The database is stored at the Figshare repository (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21677687; Shao et al., 2022).Additional Authors: Antonio Bode, Sophie Bonnet, Deborah A. Bronk, Mark V. Brown, Lisa Campbell, Douglas G. Capone, Edward J. Carpenter, Nicolas Cassar, Bonnie X. Chang, Dreux Chappell, Yuh-ling Lee Chen, Matthew J. Church, Francisco M. Cornejo-Castillo, Amália Maria Sacilotto Detoni, Scott C. Doney, Cecile Dupouy, Marta Estrada, Camila Fernandez, Bieito Fernández-Castro, Debany Fonseca-Batista, Rachel A. Foster, Ken Furuya, Nicole Garcia, Kanji Goto, Jesús Gago, Mary R. Gradoville, M. Robert Hamersley, Britt A. Henke, Cora Hörstmann, Amal Jayakumar, Zhibing Jiang, Shuh-Ji Kao, David M. Karl, Leila R. Kittu, Angela N. Knapp, Sanjeev Kumar, Julie LaRoche, Hongbin Liu, Jiaxing Liu, Caroline Lory, Carolin R. Löscher, Emilio Marañón, Matthew M. Mills, Wiebke Mohr, Pia H. Moisander, Claire Mahaffey, Robert Moore, Beatriz Mouriño-Carballido, Margaret R. Mulholland, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Joseph A. Needoba, Eric J. Raes, Eyal Rahav, Teodoro Ramírez-Cárdenas, Christian Furbo Reeder, Lasse Riemann, Virginie Riou, Julie C. Robidart, Vedula V. S. S. Sarma, Takuya Sato, Himanshu Saxena, Corday Selden, Justin R. Seymour, Dalin Shi, Takuhei Shiozaki, Arvind Singh, Rachel E. Sipler, Jun Sun, Koji Suzuki, Kazutaka Takahashi, Yehui Tan, Weiyi Tang, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Kendra Turk-Kubo, Zuozhu Wen, Angelicque E. White, Samuel T. Wilson, Takashi Yoshida, Jonathan P. Zehr, Run Zhang, Yao Zhang, and Ya-Wei Lu

An Investigation of Effects and Safety of Pipelines due to Twin Tunneling

To efficiently and accurately predict the effects of twin tunneling on adjacent buried pipelines, the effects of upward and downward relative pipeline-soil interactions were considered. A series of numerical parametric studies encompassing 8640 conditions were performed to investigate the responses of a pipeline to twin tunneling. Based on the dimensionless analysis and normalized calculation results, the concept of equivalent relative pipeline-soil stiffness was proposed. Additionally, expressions for the relative pipeline-soil stiffness and relative pipeline curvature and for the relative pipeline-soil stiffness and relative pipeline settlement were established, along with the related calculation plots. Relying on a comparison of prediction results, centrifuge model test results, and field measured results, the accuracy and reliability of the obtained expressions for predicting the bending strain and settlement of adjacent buried pipelines caused by twin tunneling were validated. Based on the calculation method, the maximum bending strain and maximum settlement of pipelines can be calculated precisely when the pipeline parameters, burial depth, soil parameters, and curve parameters of ground settlement due to tunneling are provided. The proposed expressions can be used not only to predict the maximum bending strain and maximum settlement of pipelines caused by single and twin tunneling but also to evaluate the effects of single and twin tunneling on the safety of existing buried pipelines. The relevant conclusions of this article can also provide a theoretical basis for the normal service of buried pipelines adjacent to subway tunnels

Vertical distribution of sand layer CO2 concentration and its diurnal variation rules in Alxa desert region, northwest China

In order to ascertain the vertical distribution of sand layer CO2 concentration from the Alxa desert region as well as its impact on atmosphere CO2 and action on global carbon cycle, infrared CO2 monitor was used to perform 19 drilling holes to observe CO2 concentration day and night in the Nuoertu megadunes region, Shapotou trellis dunes region and Minqin barchan dunes region. The results showed that atmosphere CO2 concentration in Alxa desert region is lower than that in the sand layer of 1-5 m depths, which manifests that it is the source region of atmosphere CO2 and it releases CO2 day and night during warm seasons. The diurnal variation of sand layer CO2 concentration in extremely arid Alxa desert region shows obvious regularity: CO2 concentration of every depth varies from low to high to low from 8:00 am to next day 7:00 am. The diurnal variation of temperature is the main cause of diurnal variation of sand layer CO2 concentration, which are significantly correlated positively. In extremely arid desert region, sand layer moisture content is the main factor that determines sand layer CO2 concentration

A full-reference stereoscopic image quality measurement via hierarchical deep feature degradation fusion

For the problem of stereoscopic image quality measurement (SIQM), it is difficult to design an efficient yet reliable full reference (FR) SIQM method due to our limited knowledge about the properties of human binocular vision. Inspired by the fact that the input visual information is hierarchically processed in our human brain, we consider different levels of distortion in an image cause individual degradations on hierarchical features, and propose to fuse the degradations on hierarchical features to facilitate the task of FR-SIQM. As one of the most classical convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures, the VGG-16 network is first applied to each view of the stereopair to build hierarchical deep feature representations based on which monocular quality estimation (MQE) and binocular quality fusion (BQF) are then performed. Specifically, the MQE stage estimates a set of layer-wise monocular quality scores by measuring the similarity between the hierarchical feature maps of the distorted monocular view and those of the reference monocular view. The BQF stage estimates a set of layer-wise binocular quality scores via a weighted average of the corresponding layer-wise monocular quality scores. The adaptive weights are determined by a modified hierarchical feature energy-based Gain-Control model. Finally, the layer-wise binocular quality scores across all layers are fused into an overall binocular quality score via regression. Experiments on three benchmark databases validate the state-of-the-art performance of our method